La Hispaniola
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Hispaniola | -Second Largest island in the Caribbean -Made up of Dominican Republic and Haiti |
| Founding | -Christopher Columbus 1492 |
| Christopher Columbus | -Founded La Hispaniola in 1492 -Claimed the land for Ferdinand & Isabella |
| Ferdinand & Isabella | -They were the Spanish monarchs who funded the Christopher Columbus expedition |
| Taino | -Indigenous (Native to region) people -Within 30 years, most of the Taino were dead of disease or were killed by Europeans |
| Spanish Colonization/Establishment of Hispaniola | -Started out mining gold and planting/harvesting sugar cane in present day DR -Later they returned to cattle ranching in present DR -The western part of the island was taken over by the French |
| Treaty of Ryswick | -The formal agreement by spain and France to divide the island, giving the French the western 1/3 and the Spanish the eastern 2/3 |
| French Colonization/ Establishment of Hispaniola | -They began tobacco plantations -Later started sugar, and coffee plantations* The increasing number of plantations expanded the slave trade on the western side of the island |
| Saint Domingue/ Saint Dominque | -Occupied by the French -1739 Had 117000 slaves but by 1800 they had 1/2 million slaves -Slaves formed 90% of the population |
| Triangular Trade | -Ships from Europe carried manufactured goods to West Africa in exchange for Slaves -The slaves who survived the Middle Passage were sold to the colonies along the coasts of North and South America -In the colonies, Traders loaded their ships with raw materials: sugar, rum, coffee, and molasses from the Caribbean: Tobacco and Cotton from North American Colonies that were taken back to Europe |
| Middle Passage | -The slaves journey across the Atlantic before they were sold to the colonies along the cost of NA and SA |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | -Led a slave revolt which was in present day Haiti 1791 -Forced to withdraw from the west when France sent troops to the Eastern Side. -He was captured and died in Prison in France |
| Jean-Jacque Dessalines | -Succeeded L'Ouverture as the leader of the black army in the west (Present Day Haiti) -Defeated French in the West and declared Haiti independent in 1804: The first independent nation in the Western Hemisphere with an African Majority |
| Establishment of the Dominican Republic | -The DR was largely Cattle ranching (Little need for slaves) -Largely made up of people of Spanish Ancestry |
| Jean-Pierre Boyer | -He was a black leader in Haiti who invaded the Eastern Side of Hispaniola in 1822, Taking it from Spain -Haiti controlled the island until 1884 |
| Haitian Rule of Present Day Dominican Republic | -Black troops occupied the country -ex-slaves led the country on the political front -Many whites who once owned plantations fled -ex-slaves taxed the Spanish -Haitians closed the University of Santo Domingo -Foreign Priests were expelled |
| La Trinitaria | -Formed because of the hatred of the Haitian Occupation and a Nationalist Movement began to grow -Was a secret revolutionary society with the Motto of "God Father Land And Liberty" |
| "Founding Fathers" | -Juan Pablo Duarte -Francisco Del Rosario Sanchez -Ramon Mella -Took advantage of Civil War in Haiti in 1843 -Were able to claim DR Free and independent in 1884 -DR was unstable and Haiti was a continued threat |
| Juan Pablo Duarte | -Wanted complete independence |
| Francisco Del Rosario Sánchez and Ramón Mella | -Wanted Foreign Help |
| Spanish Control of Present Day Dominican Republic | -DR Had twenty years of Political turmoil -Finally asked US, France, GB, and Spain for help -In 1861, Spain agreed to take control of DR -Was a complete disaster -9000 of their 21000 Spanish Troops Died of yellow fever -In 1865, Spanish Rule came to an end when the leaders of Spain withdrew Spanish troops -DR Returned to rule by DR |
| Tyranny | -A govt in which a single ruler is vested with absolute power, especially when exercised unjustly or cruelly |
| Buenaventura Báez | -Ruled the DR from 1865-1878 -Borrowed money and started the DR's mounting Problems of Foreign debt |
| Ulises Heureaux | -Ruled 1882-1889 -A dictator -A spy ring of mistresses who reported anybody who questioned his actions -Had a large army and his extravagant lifestyle drained the treasury -Took out loans from Wealthy citizens, borrowed money from foreign countries -Foreign debt was over 32 million -Assassinated in 1899 |
| President Theodore Roosevelt | -1904, Feared the threat of Euro power in Latin America -Told Congress that the US had to stick to the Monroe Doctrine |
| Monroe Doctrine | -A US foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere -1904 |
| Roosevelt Corollary | -Roosevelt and later presidents sited the corollary to justify intervention in the DR, Cuba, Nicaragua, Mexico, and Haiti -In 1934 however, FDR renounced Interventionism and established his good neighbor policy |
| "Help from US" in the Dominican Republic (1906) | -DR invited help from the US -US Took over custom collection and used the money to pay the DR's foreign debts |
| US Intervention in the Dominican Republic (1916) | -US troops went to the DR out of growing fears of political and economic anarchy -Martial Law -The countries infrastructure improved under the US -Roads, Bridges, Ports were built. Public works were initiated. Sanitation projects were started. Treasury was organises. Budget was bounced. |
| Martial Law | -Was instituted -A US Navy Officer called the occupation, "Military Occupation, Military Govt., and Military Law -A national guard was trained and armed -Rafael Trujillo was among the trainees |
| Dominican Resentment to Foreign Rule | -Foreign Rule= US Marines -Were accused of treating civilians unjustly -Careless shootings -Anyone who spoke out against the US occupation was jailed |
| Horacio Vásquez | -1924 Became the new president -Under the direction of a US Diplomat, the DR held an election -When the US thought that the DR was safe for US investment and was ruled by a friendly govt, the US Left. |
| Rafael Trujillo (Good Side) | -Organized relief for the wounded and homeless -fed the hungry -stepped up the countries infrastructure -implemented plans to bolster the treasury (Sugar, Cocoa, and Coffee exports) -Modern highways, buildings, docks, and harbors were built for trade -Modern hotels were built -Hydroelectric power was initiated -Water was purified -factories and mills were built -schools, clinics, and hospitals were built -campaigns to eradicate hookworm, yellow fever, and Malaria were successful |
| Rafael Trujillo (Bad Side) | -A dictator -Only one political party during his reign -Homes were required to keep a portrait of him -Civilian and military workers were bribed and blackmailed -Newspapers were controlled by the Government -Textbooks glorified Trujillo -Profs could not speak out against the govt. -Dissident's were jailed or shot without a trial -10% of state employees salaries went to the govt. -805 of the countries industrial production was controlled by his family |
| Dissident | -a person who disagrees. Especially one who disagree's with the govt. |
| "Whitening" of the Dominican Republic | -to save the DR from africanization -Haitians were attempting to illegally enter the DR (for work) and the border region was populated by people of mixed haitian and Dominican descent |
| "Parsley Test" | -If the word was pronounced incorrectly, they were shot on the spot -The parsley test led to the Hatian masacre -Death tolls ranged from 20,000 to 30,000 in just 5 days |
| Haitian Masacrre | -Death tolls ranged from 20,000 to 30,000 in just 5 days |
| Resistance to Trujillo | -Started to grow in the 1950's -In 1959, a group, The Clandestine Movement of June 14th Formed |
| Clandestine Movement of June 14 | -Plotted to assassinate Trujillo -Exiled dominicans now living in other latin American countries attempted to invade the island -Rebellion was quickly squashed -But the name stuck for future anti-Trujillo groups that formed -Because the anti-Trujillo sentiment was growing, Trujillo stepped up his brutality in an attempt to scare the people from joining discedent groups -Peopler were interrogated, tortured, imprisoned, or assassinated -Jails were full of political prisoners and innocent suspects |
| The Mirabal Sisters | -Most noted political activists against Trujillo -They adopted the underground nickname "Las Mariposas" -Repeatedly jailed for activities against Trujillo -3 of the sisters were killed by the SIM in 1960 which outraged the country |
| Role of the Catholic Church | -It once supported him, but now turned on him -five priests were accused of making bombs -Three of them were deported -The church sent a letter to Trujillo asking for an halt of the brutality |
| US Opposition to Trujillo | -began in 1960 after Trujillo's Regim attempted to assassinate the President of Venezuela -Prior to 1960, US Supported Trujillo because he allowed US investments in the country -US imposed economic sanctions which were supported by other countries |
| Embargo | -A govt. restriction on trade for political purposes -The objective was to put pressure on other govts. by prohibiting imports and exports from those countries to the DR -And added fuel to the fire for the anti-Trujillo cause (people who once supported him now turned against him) |
| CIA | -Started to make contact with the opposition because the US feared that Trujillo may follow the path of Fidel Castro -US might have supported people with scoped rifles to kill Trujillo -On May 30th 1961, Trujillo's car was gunned down |
| Ramfis Trujillo | -Trujillos son -Able to withstand the first coup attempt -Within a month, many of the people who were part of the underground were found tortured and or killed -Shortly there after, Ramfis was taken by US forces |
| Coup d'état | -The sudden overthrow of a govt. by a small group of people within the govt. or by people who were formally in positions of authority |
| Juan Bosch | -Founded the Dominican Revolutionary Party -Elected President in the first democratic election in almost 40 years -Shortly thereafter, he was overthrown by a coup |
| Joaquin Balaguer | -In 1964, US marines took control, after the marines restored order, there were elections for a new president -Balaguer won the election of 76 and was reelected 2 more times -Accused of being corrupt -Returned for several years in the 80's and 90's |
| Antonio Guzman | -Came to power and attempted to end corruption in 1978 -Reduced the power of the army -Freed 200 political prisoners -Eased censorship -Purged the army of Balaguer supporters -1979, 2 hurricanes caused much damage to the country -200,000 homeless -1 billion dollars to damage -1982 He realized his family was involved in corruption scandal and fraud -He shot himself |
| Salvador Jorge Blanco | -Ruled from 1982 to 1986 -By 1984, there was widespread rioting due to an economic crisis |
| Joaquin Balaguer (again) | -Returned to office in 1986 with the support of the social Christian Reformist Party -In the election campaign of 1994, he accused his opponent of having Haitian ancestry |
| Peña Gomez | -A dark skinned dominican who was slandered for the color of his skin -some feared that he would want Haiti and the DR to become one unified country -Military prevented Dark Skinned Dominicans and Haitian dominicans from voting in the election of 1994 -Balaguer won the election |
| Leonel Fernandez | -The dominican liberation party -Won the 1996 election -Unfortunately, he came to power after Hurricane George caused widespread devastation -Faced riots over the high cost of living and the lack of public services -Reelected in 2004 and 2008 |
| International Observers | -Oversaw the election of 1996 -Attempted to make them fair |
| Hipolito Mejia | -Became president in 2000 -Increased prices and inflation which led to rioting -With rioting, food prices skyrocketed -foreign debt doubled -a rise in unemployment -Because of that, Leonel Fernandez was reelected in 2004 |
| Leonel Fernandez (again) | -Reelected in 2004 -First election in which Dominicans abroad could vote (50,000 Absentee votes) -Pledged to boost the economy -Currently still the president today |
| International Monetary Fund | -An organization of 184 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment, and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty -A multi lateral institution based in Washington that lends money to govts. to stabilize currencies and maintain order in international financial markets -For many decades the fund has imposed stringent loan conditions that often lead to worsening conditions for the majority of citizens in the affected countries -Even more then it's partner, the world bank, the fund is known for it's rigid orthodoxy and it's high handed approach to poor countries -It's performance in the Asian crisis and in Latin America has led to widespread criticism and charges that it's medicine was worse then the desease -The Dominicans have sought to solve many of the economic problems with loans from the IMF. However, the price increases for basic needs has caused protests and riots. -Unfortunately, the DR has not been able to sustain strong economic growth while at the same time attempting to install democratic govts. -Nor have they been able to create economic and political institutions without the investments and intervention from the US |
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