Cocaine, Amphetamines, Stimulants
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Crack cocaine is _____ rather than _____. | smoked, injected. |
| Cocaine is most potent when _____. | injected |
| The most popular route for administering freebase cocaine is ___________. | smoking |
| When cocaine is snorted, plasma levels peak at ____ and the drug may persist in plasma for up to ______. | 30-60 minutes, 6 hours |
| When cocaine is smoked, effects peak at ____ and last for about _____. | 5 minutes, 30 minutes |
| Cocaine exerts its effects by ________. | blockading the presynaptic transporter |
| Cocaine has a half-life in plasma of about ____ | 50 minutes |
| Cocaine is metabolized by ______ | enzymes in liver and plasma |
| Cocaine can be detected in the brain for up to ____ and in the urine for up to _____ | 8 hours, 12 hours |
| The major metabolite of cocaine is _______ | an inactive compound, benzoylecgonine (BE) |
| Cocaine's metabolite can be detected in the hair of long-term users for up to _____ | 3-4 months after use |
| Concurrent use of cocaine and alcohol forms the metabolite ________ | cocaethylene |
| Cocaethylene acts as a ________ to potentiate the euphoric effect of cocaine. | presynaptic dopamine reuptake transporter |
| The half-life of cocaethylene is about _____ | 150 minutes |
| Cocaine is metabolized into an _______ metabolite. | inactive |
| Cocaine is the only drug that has these three characteristics: | local anesthetic, vasoconstrictor, psychostimulant |
| Cocaine potentiates synaptic actions of _____ and _____ | dopamine, serotonin |
| Increased dopamine levels (as a result of cocaine use) in _____ account for euphoric effects | Nucleus accumbens |
| Serotonin probably doesn't have significant effect on rewarding effects of cocaine; _____ has a bigger role | Dopamine |
| Physiological responses to cocaine include: | increased alertness, motor hyperactivity, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, hypertension, pupillary dilation, increased body temperature |
| Psychological effects of cocaine include ______ and last about _____. | euphoria, enhanced self-consciousness, boastfulness; 30 minutes |
| After using cocaine, a milder state of euphoria and anxiety may last ______ | 60-90 minutes |
| High doses of cocaine can cause ______ | anxiety, sleep deprivation, hypervigilance, paranoia, aggression, homicidality: toxic paranoid psychosis |
| A toxic dose of cocaine is about ____ per kilogram of body weight | 2 milligrams |
| Cocaine abuse during pregnancy can indirectly cause ____________ due to constriction of the mother's blood vessels. | premature birth, respiratory distress, bowel and cerebral infarctions, microcephaly, seizures |
| Cocaine abuse during pregnancy can (directly) cause: | organ toxicity, lesions, seizures, SIDS |
| Cocaine can cause acute ______, which disrupts the blood-brain barrier | hyperthermia |
| Drugs that substitute for cocaine act as either direct or indirect _______ ________. | dopaminergic agonists |
| Drugs used to treat cocaine addiction include ______ and ________. | topiramate, lamotrigine |
| ______ _______ like rimonabant may also be effective anti-craving drugs | cannabinoid antagonists |
| _____ is an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, which has anti-craving effects. | Vigabatrin |
| Amphetamine's effects like vasoconstriction, tachycardia, hypertension, and restlessness are the result of increased __________. | presynaptic release of dopamine and norepinephrine. |
| Which neurotransmitter do the amphetamines mimic? | epinephrine |
| Amphetamines directly stimulate postsynaptic ________ receptors. | catecholamine |
| Amphetamines are FDA-approved to treat _______ and ________. | narcolepsy, ADHD |
| Increased psychomotor activity as a result of amphetamine use follows stimulation of dopamine receptors in the ________ system, including the _______ ________. | mesolimbic system, nucleus accumbens |
| The stereotypical high-dose amphetamine effect of repetition of meaningless acts involves _____ neurons in the ______ ________. | dopamine, basal ganglia |
| Amphetamine metabolites are detectable in urine for up to ____. | 48 hours |
| Studies show that low doses of _______ can improve cognitive speed and concentration. | amphetamines (Adderall) |
| Withdrawal from amphetamine use is ________ compared to withdrawal from opioid and barbiturate use. | less severe |
| _____ refers to the smokable form of methamphetamine | "ice" |
| Methamphetamine has a half-life of about _______. | 12 hours |
| After smoking ice, about 60% of the methamphetamine is broken down in the _____. | liver |
| Loss of volume in the ______ following chronic meth use accounts for persistent mood and memory problems | hippocampus |
| Meth _____ brain temperature, which accounts for BBB disruption, edema, and pathological injuries. | raises |
| Ephedrine is found in nature in ________ | ma-huang |
| Ephedrine acts by releasing the body's stores of ____________. | epinephrine |
| Pseudoephedrine is used in medicine to relieve ___________. | nasal congestion |
| _______ is a nonamphetamine behavioral stimulant used to treat ADHD. | methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
| ______ is a CNS stimulant that treats ADHD by potentiating CNS dopaminergic transmission | Pemoline (Cylert) |
| _______ is a serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor that is structurally similar to an amphetamine | Sibutramine (Meridia) |
| ______ is a cocaine-like psychostimulant that is used to treat narcolepsy, shift-work sleep disorder, and sleep apnea. | Modafinil (Provigil) |
| _____ can be chewed or brewed as a tea, and exerts effects similar to amphetamines or cocaine. | khat |
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