| Term | Definition |
|---|
| ecology | the relationship between the biotic and abiotic components of the Earth. |
| abiotic | anything that is not organic |
| biotic | anything that is organic |
| you cannot change just one thing in an ecosystem | rule 1 |
| biosphere | all regions of the Earth's waters, crust, and atmosphere in which organisms live |
| biome | a large, regional unit of land characterized by the vegetation and ecosystems |
| ecosystem | biota, abiota, energy flow, and nutrition cycles. |
| community | all the populations that occupy a habitat |
| population | all the orgnaisms of a single species |
| no two organisms can occupy the same niche at the same time without there being competition for the niche | rule 2 |
| niche | the sum of all activities and relationships of an organism that enables it to secure and use the resources required for their surival and reproduction |
| pH, temperature, nutrients, soil, water | abiotic factors |
| 99% | _____ of the biosphere are green plants (by biomass) |
| nutrients cycle through an ecosystem but energy does not | rule 3 |
| rule of 10 | only 10% of the energy can be passed on through the food chain |
| bio-accumulation | very very bad. toxin culminates in fatty tissue (ex: DDT in the 60's) |
| autotophs | primary producer |
| heterotrophs | all consumers |
| saprophytes | decomposers |
| lithosphere | the rocks on earth and the core |
| hydrosphere | the water on earth |
| atmosphere | the air on earth |
| we want the energy from the chemical bonds and the atoms | what do we want from food? |
| tropics | high diversity, low numbers, stable enviroment, more food chains, less food webs |
| polar | unstable enviroment, more food webs, less food chains, low diversity, high numbers |
| biotic potential | the maximum rate of increase per individual under ideal conditions |
| high biotic potential | lots of offspring lots of times. basically if you fire a lot of shots, some will hit the target |
| low biotic potential | few offspring few times. take a careful aim because you only have one bullet |
| natality (birth), mortality (death), immigration, emigration | limiting factors |
| exponential growth | if there are no limiting factors or carrying capacities, then this kind of graph describes a population |
| limiting factors | factors that suppress the numbers of individuals in a population |
| density dependent | ______________: ie not enough food to support all the life |
| density independent | ______________: ie hurricane, flood, fires, pesticides |
| carrying capacity | ____________ of an area is the maximum amount of individuals an area can support (logistic growth/sigmoid) |
| eutrophication | fertilizer-> body of water-> algae boom-> no light passes to SAVs-> everything dies-> bacteria uses oxygen to decompose all the dead biotic things-> body of water becomes anoxic or anerobic-> the end result: a dead spot in the body of water |
| troph | to grow or to feed (you dont need to know this) |
| eu | good/true/genuine (you dont need to know this) |
| hyproxic | low oxygen |
| anoxic | no oxygen |
| anaerobic | no air |
| hyperoxic | too much oxygen |
| summerged aquatic vegetation | sav |
| nitrate, phosphate | ______________ and ___________________ help plants grow |
| point sources, nonpoint sources | pollution comes from ___________ and ___________. |
| stop polluting, put a wetland between the course and the stream, create rain gardens to slow the water | three ways to prevent eutrophication are____________, ___________________, and______________. |
| symbiosis | living together in close association |
| mutualism | two species live in close association, both benifit neither is harmed. Their lives are intertwined |
| thermal energy | the energy in an ecosystem is transformed into what. |
| commensalism | two species, one benefits, the other does not benifit but is not harmed. |
| parasitism | two species, one benefits, the other does not and is harmed |
| succession | the orderly and predictable change in community structure over time. Each stage prepares the environment for the next stage and ruins it for itself. first stage: pioneer stage. last stage: climax stage(When a community replaces itself with itself). |
| primary succession | this takes thousands of years. rock->lichens->acid from lichens eats rocks and makes some soil->mosses->herbs and grasses->small bushes-> pine, black sprouce->paper birtch, oak tree, white sprouce |
| secondary succession | hundreds of years (takes place after things like forest fires) still some living organisms left. weeds-> wild flowers&grasses->shrubs->pine forest->oak trees |
| dead zone (eutrophication) | an area of water where there is no oxygen left |
| 78.08 | ______%of the air is nitrogen |
| 20.95 | ______%of the air is oxygen |
| .93 | ______%of the air is argon |
| noble gas | argon is a_________ |
| three more electrons | nitrogen needs_______to be happy |
| 0 to 4 | ____% by volume for water vapor |
| 387 | ____ parts per million for carbon dioxide |
| 1.7 | ____ parts per million for methane |
| greenhouse gasses | allows the light to come through, but does not allow infared back through ________effect or _______ ___________ (answer the second one) |
| transpiration | the loss of water through plants during photosynthesis (CO2 in and water out) |
| evapotranspiration | evaporation/transpiration |
| 25% | ____ of participation becomes ground water |
| 12% | ____of participation becomes runnoff |
| 66%, evapotranspiration | ____of participation becomes participation again through________ |
| Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur | CHNOPS |
| CHNOPS | ___________ is an mnemonic for remembering the atoms/molecules that make up 95% or more of the atmosphere. |
| tersteral, marine, lithosphere, atmosphere | the carbon cycle has for mini sections... name them |
| sediments, sandstone, limestone | carbon is mainly stored in _______ as parts of ________ and _______________. |
| CaCo3 | calcium carbonate |
| temperature of the water | the amount of saturation depends on the _________________ |
| lithofied | the process when sediment is turned into rock |
| 5-6 | rainwater is normally a _________on the pH scale |
| covalent | nitrogen forms ________ bonds |
| lighting strike, industrially, by bacteria, aerobic | three ways of nitrification, nitrification is also_________ |
| in noduels, on the roots of a legume plant | where do the bacteria that help with nitrification live? |
| apatite | is the mineral in which phosphorus is found naturally |
| guano | poop... phosphorus is also found in this |
| by bacteria, anerobi | denitrification |
| by bacteria in legumes, by blue-green algae, anaerobic | nitrogen fixation |
| by bacteria, aerobic | ammonification |
| carbon chains | the backbone for many organic materials |
| hydrogen | most common in living things |
| nitrogen | used in molecules of protein, energy flow, and DNA |
| oxygen | used in carbohydrates, fats, almost all organic compounds |
| phosphorus | used in DNA, molecues that carry energy |
| sulfur | used in protiens&amino acids |
| ammonification | NO- to NH3 |
| nitrogen fixation | N2 to NO3- |
| nitrification | NH3 to NO2- |
| denitrification | NO3- to N2 |
| amonia | NH3 |
| nitrate | NO2- |
| nitrate | NO2- |
Combine with other sets
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