IMMUNOLOGY (TEST 1) Immune System
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67 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 process of being protected against foreign antigens | immunity |
| aka immunoglobins, these are specific glycoproteins found in serum or plasma produced by B-lymphs when body detects harmful substances called antigens | antibodies |
| aka immunogens, these large molecules found on surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, pollen, chemicals, foreign particles causing body to produce antibodies against it; can be formed in the body with bacterial toxins or tissue cells | antigens |
| portions or fragments of an antigen that REACT with antibodies and lymph receptors | epitope |
| very small molecules that can bind to a larger carrier molecule and behave as an antigen | hapten |
| molecule that when coupled with a hapten, renders the hapten immunogenic | carrier |
| main function is to recognize microbes as being either self or nonself | immune system |
| defense, homeostasis, surveillance | 3 functions of immune system |
| first line of defense, natural (innate) immunity, acquired (adaptive) immunity | 3 types of immune response |
| defense mechanism that body uses immediately after exposure to a microbe; it is non-specific and nonadaptive | natural immunity |
| components include phagocytic cells along with mast cells, neutros and macrophages | cellular component |
| components include complement proteins, lysozymes, interferons | humoral components |
| proteins that produce inflammatory effects and destroy cells when activated | complement proteins |
| enzyme secreted by macrophages that attack cell walls of some bacteria | lysozymes |
| proteins produced by many cells in response to viral infections to BLOCK replication of virus in other cells | interferons |
| immunity that becomes operational when natural immunity is overwhelmed; it is antigen-specific | adaptive immunity (acquired) |
| results in production of antibodies to combat non-self antigens | humoral response |
| involves activation of specific lymphocytic cells to combat non-self antigens | cell-mediated reponse |
| intitial response for removal of microbes; innate or immunity we are born with; nonantigen specific; nonadaptive; includes mast cells, neutros, macrophages; humoral components include complement proteins, lysozymes and interferons | natural immunity |
| secondary defense mechanism; acquired thru life; antigen specific; adaptive; cellular components include antigen presenting cells, macrophages, T-lymphs, B-lymphs; humoral components include antibodies, cytokines | adaptive immunity |
| includes bone marrow where T-lymphs and B-lymphs are produced and the thymus found near trachea where stem cells develop into T-cells | primary lymphoid organs |
| include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), lymph nodes, and spleen | secondary lymphoid organs and tissues |
| composed of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue and provide 1st line of defense against orally ingested pathogens | MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) |
| bundles of tissue found throughout human body filled with lymphocyte cells that act as filters by removing microorganisms from circulation; part of secondary organs | lymph nodes |
| largest of the secondary organs that acts as a filter by trapping and removing foreign materials out the the blood and removes old/damaged RBCs | spleen |
| soluble proteins secreted by cells and are chemical mediators that transmit messages between cells to regulate growth and function | cytokines |
| principle leukocyte associated with phagocytosis performed inside body's peripheral tissue and breaks down ingested material and kills microorganisms | neutrophils |
| include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages | granulocytes |
| accumulate at inflammatory sites and release histamines, which cause allergic responses; activated by IgE antibody | basophils |
| invade microorganisms including certain parasites and also control allergic reactions by emitting histaminase | eosinophils |
| tissue cells that play major role in hypersensitivity reactions | mast cells |
| monocytes, which are found in blood, become ________________ when they enter the tissue and serve to ingest antigens and are antigen-producing cells (APC). | macrophages |
| primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity and represent 60-80% of circulating lymphocytes | T-lymphs |
| T-lymphs that attack and lyse cells infected with viruses, tumor cells, bacteria and cells that are damaged or otherwise dysfunctional | cytotoxic T-cells |
| T-lymphs that enhance and promote action of other immune cells by secreting cytokines that active macrophages, assist B-cells in antibody production and activate suppressor cells; other names include T4 and CD4 | helper/inducer T-cells |
| T-cells that inhibit the activities of B-cells and T-cells in order to keep immune response from going out of control | suppressor T-cells |
| cells that lyse virally infected cells, malignant cells, and antibody-antigen complexes without prior antigenic stimulation | natural killer cells |
| cells responsible for humoral immunity (antibody production) and are referred to as plasma cells when activated and producting antibodies. | B-lymphs |
| key component of adaptive immunity, these are a group of functionally defined cells capable of taking up antigens and presenting them to lymphs; bound by MHC (major histocompatibility complex) | APC (antigen-producing cells) |
| primary function of immunoglobins | neutralization |
| term used to describe process when phagocytes are coated by antibodies which allow phagocytic cells to recognize, ingest and destroy bacteria | opsonization |
| refers to the formation of pores on the surface of bacteria or the coating of antigens making them recognizable to phagocytic cells | complement |
| highly specific antibodies that react ONLY with the antigen that caused their production | monoclonal antibodies |
| versitile antibodies that react with antigen that caused their production as well as other antigens that have similar physical structure to the original antigen | heterophile antibodies |
| serum electrophoresis, Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE), and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) | testing methods for antibodies |
| includes 2 large (heavy) chains, 2 smaller (light) chains held together by noncovalent forces and disulfide interchain bridges forming a Y shape | primary structure |
| immmunoglobins can be cleaved into 2 or more fragments by enzymes _______ and _______. | papain, pepsin |
| upper portion of the Y shape capable of antigen binding; contain two sites per antibody consisting of the light chain and the upper part of the heavy chain | FAB site (Fragment Antigen Binding) |
| lower stem portion of the Y shape consisting of the bottom part of both heavy chains containing only one binding site per antibody; can bind to receptors found on certain immune system cells | FC site (Fragment Crystalline) |
| located in the upper portion of each FAB site and is an area whichs binds to the antigen; fives antibody its unique specificity to bind to specific antigen; light and heavy chains have only one of these regions | variable domain |
| composed of the entire FC site as well as the bottom part of each FAB site; ACTIVATES COMPLEMENT CASCADE; light chains have one of these regions; heavy chains have one or more of these regions | constant domain |
| center portion of the antibody that allows antibody to e flexible and attach to antigen; area where antibody may be broken apart | hinge region |
| each specific antibody is determined by the composition of the _________ chain. | heavy |
| most involved immunoglobin normally produced in response to antigens of human origin; often seen in secondary response; function includes immunity to newborns; can cross placenta; neutralize toxins; help fight infection; major immunoglobin in normal serum and accounts for 70-75% of total immunoglobin pool | IgG |
| largest antibody and first involved in primary immune response; function is to act as antigenic receptor site on surface of immature B-lymph; neutralize toxins; contains 10 binding sites for antibody agglutination; contains 5 FC regions and is most effective antibody for activating complement; accounts for 10% of immunoglobin pool | IgM |
| known as the secretor antibody; found mainly in body secretions, such as urine, tears, saliva; found in ephithelial cells of respiratory and reproductive tracts; functions to protect against bacteria and viruses trying to enter thru epithelial tissue; accounts for @ 15-20% of immunoglobin pool | IgA |
| when found on surface of B-lymph, may act as receptor for antigens; found in only small amounts (<1% of immunoglobulin pool) | IgD |
| major antibody seen in allergic reactions and parasitic infections; mediates release of in histamines and heparin from baso and mast cells; antibody with lowest concentration in serum and with shortest half-life | IgE |
| permanent resistance antibody that results from PRODUCTION of antibodies against foreign antigens; duration is long and is acquired thru either active natural or active artificial means | active immunity |
| immunity that results from TRANSFER of antibodies from one individual to another offering temporary protection; duration is short and is acquired thru passive natural or passive artificial means | passive immunity |
| type of immune response involving immune cells (T-lymphs, NK cells, cytokines) rather than antibodies; AKA delayed time hypersensitivity (DTH) or Type IV hypersensitivity | cell-mediated immunity |
| contact sensitivity seen in poison ivy reactions, delayed sensitivity seen in contact dermatitis, immunity to viral and fungal antigens and rejection of foreign tissue grafts are purposes of ___________________. | cell-mediated immunity |
| become activated in response to lymphokines (cytokines), attach to antigen-antibody(-complement) complexes, present processed antigens to T-lymphs are all functions of ____________________________. | cell-mediated immunity |
| component of cell-mediated immunity, where T-lymphs do not recognize antigens but recognition takes place when the antigen is present on the surface of an APC, the ____________________. | macrophage |
| component of cell-mediated immunity: these cells recognize and destroy/lyse body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigens on their surface to include: virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells displaying tumor antigens, transplanted cells | cytotoxic T-lymphs |
| component of cell-mediated immunity that recognize, attach to, and destroy intracellular pathogens | natural killer cells |
| type of immunity involving the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen resulting from the formation & release of antibodies into the blood streams; mediated by B-lymphs; primary function is defense against bacterial infection | humoral immunity |
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