How genes work ch. 15
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Created by:
katiehedquist on April 16, 2012
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27 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 gene expression | the process of converting archived information into molecules that actually do things in the cell. |
| the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis | ach gene is made of only one enzyme |
| knock-out mutants | alleles that do not function at all |
| mRNA | messenger RNA are short-lived molecules that carry info from DNA to the site of protein synthesis |
| RNA polymerase | polymerizes ribonucleotides into strands of RNA. |
| central dogma | summarizes the flow of info in cells. an accepted version of the way things are/happen. |
| Transcription | the process of copying hereditary information in DNA to RNA. |
| Translation | the process of using the information in nucleic acids to synthesize proteins. |
| genetic code | the rules that specify the relationship between a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA and the sequence of amnio acids in a protein. |
| triplet code | a three-base code |
| codon | the group of three bases that specifies a particular amino acid |
| start codon | signals that protein synthesis should begin at that point on the mRNA molecule. |
| stop codon | termination codons that signal the protein is complete and end the translation process. |
| mutation | any permanent change in an organism's DNA |
| point mutation | a single base change |
| missense mutations | a point mutation that causes a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein. Change in primary polypeptide structure. ch |
| silent mutations | a point mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of the gene product. A change in the genotype but not the phenotype |
| nonsense mutation | change in nucleotide that results in early stop codon |
| beneficial | increase the fitness of the organism |
| neutral | mutation has no affect on fitness |
| deleterious | lower fitness |
| frameshift | addition or deletion of a nucleotide |
| polyploidy | a change in the number of each type of chromosome present |
| aneuploidy | the addition or deletion of a chromosome |
| inversion | segments become flipped and rejoin |
| translocation | become attached to a different chromosome |
| karyotype | the complete set of chromosomes in a cell |
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