STAAR Review

Terms	Definitions
Absolute chronology	Exact date. Sequence from oldest to most recent.
Generalizations	Statements about relationships between & among concepts. They organize & summarize information obtained from the analysis of facts
Inferences	Arrive at a decision or opinion by reasoning from known facts or evidence. Draw a conclusion
Migration	To move from one place to another
Primary source	"Evidence produced by someone who participated in an event or lived during the time. Letters, maps, journals, documents, personal interviews"
Relative chronology	"Depends less on specific dates and more on relationship of events. To sequence, must understand past, present and future, Must identify beginning, middle & end"
Secondary source	Descriptions or interpretations prepared by people who were not involved in the events. Researchers often use primary sources to understand events but they produce secondary sources.
Imports	goods and services the people of one country buy from other countries
Exports	Goods and services produced domestically and sold to customers in other countries.
Neutral	"not supporting or favoring either side in a war, dispute, or contest "
1st Great Awakening	Religious movement in the colonies in the 1730s & 1740s
Aristocracy	A governing body of upper class citizens or the system of government in which aristocrats (upper class citizens) have controlling power. In an aristocracy people are generally born into distinct social classes and there is little or no upward mobility.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	First written constitution in the American colonies
William Penn	Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers & a place where they could create a government based on their own standards
Reasons for colonization	1) find gold or wealth 2) trade for furs or other products 3) religious freedom 4) fresh start 5) adventure
Self-government of the English Colonies	"Virginia established House of Burgesses, a form of representative government. Males were given the right to vote. Basic rights were protected,"
Magna Carta	Cornerstone of English justice & laws. Signed by King John in 1215. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. "The Great Charter"
Mayflower Compact	"1620. Declared that the 41 men who signed it agreed to accept majority rule, participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony, and obey laws passed for the common good"
Slave trade	1490s - 1790s. Most slaves came from West Africa. By 1790 all states except South Carolina and Georgia outlawed slave trade. Most slaves were captured by other Africans and sold to dealers on the coast.
Triangular Trade	"Series of colonial trade routes. First leg, New England ships carried fish, lumber, and other goods to West Indies, picked up sugar & molasses & made rum. Rum, guns, gunpowder, cloth, and tools from New England went to West Africa. Final leg, slaves from West Africa to West Indies."
Virginia House of Burgesses	Created in 1619. It was an assembly of elected representatives from the Virginia Colony. It was the first representative assembly in the colonies & was used as a model by other colonies.
Quakers	Christian sect founded about 1660 and one of the first groups in the colonies to speak out against slavery
Monarchy	"a government in which political power belongs largely to one ruler, generally called a king or queen, who receives his or her position by claim of divine or inherited right. "
Mercantilism	Economic theory that states a nation's wealth is based on the amount of gold and silver bullion in its treasury. Wealth equals power
1776	The year the Declaration of Independence written & signed by 56 representatives of the 13 colonies
Samuel Adams	"Played a role in many events which contributed to the Revolution including organized opposition to the Stamp Act, protests waged by the Sons of Liberty & the Boston Massacre."
Concord	Site of the second battle of the American Revolution. The British marched here hoping to capture the American arsenal. Minutemen met the British on a bridge and forced them to retreat.
Consent of the governed	Government rules with the consent of the people
Declaration of Independence	Mostly written by Thomas Jefferson. Listed reasons why colonies sought their own government. It stated that among other things the British government & King used power to unjustly control the colonies.
English Bill of Rights	Guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. It influenced the Constitution and Bill of Rights.
Benjamin Franklin	"Founded the first privately supported circulating library in America. Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stove. Represented colonies as American envoy in France 1776 - 1785. Negotiated alliance with France & Treaty of Paris which ended the War"
French & Indian War	Struggle between the British & French in the colonies of North America in 1756 - 1763. British sought control of Ohio River Valley. Ended in the French being forced out of North America and contributed to the American Revolution.
Grievance	"A grievance is a formal statement of complaint, generally against an authority figure "
Patrick Henry	"Entered Virginia House of Burgesses, quickly influenced colonial resistance to British taxation without representation. Member of First Continental Congress. Said, "give me liberty or give me death." Opposed ratification of Constitution because of potential limitations to state rights"
Intolerable/Coercive Acts	"a series of laws passed by the British government in 1774 in response to the growing unrest in the colonies, particularly in Massachusetts after incidents such as the Boston Tea Party. Enforcement of the Acts played a major role in the outbreak of the Revolutionary War."
John Paul Jones	Founder of the U.S. Navy. "I have not yet begun to fight." His Bonhomme Richard defeated the British Serapis in the American Revolution.
Loyalist	Any person in the colonies who supported the British during the American Revolution
King George III	King of England during the American Revolution
Marquis de LaFayette	French aristocrat who played a leading role in 2 revolutions in France and the American Revolution. He served as a major-general in colonial army.
Lexington	First battle of the American Revolution. Known as "Shot heard round the world."
Thomas Paine	"Contributed to the spirit of the revolution in America & France through his influential writings. Wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet which attacked the monarchial system, supported independence, and outlined a new form of government. Wrote the American Crisis, read by General Washington to inspire the troops"
Patriots	Any person in the colonies who supported independence in during the American Revolution
Propaganda	information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
Saratoga	Turning point in the war for independence. It ended the British threat to New England. Benedict Arnold beat back British General Burgoyne. France then became allies with the colonies
Treaty of Paris of 1763	Ended French & Indian War. Marked the end of French power in North America. Britain gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain gave up Florida but received all lands west of the Mississippi River.
Treaty of Paris of 1783	Ended the American Revolution. Britain recognized U.S. As an independent nation. Borders extended from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River. Florida went back to Spain.
Unalienable (inalienable) rights	Rights that cannot be denied
Yorktown	Last major battle of the American Revolution.
Founding Fathers	"Individuals who played a major role in declaring U.S. Independence, fighting the Revolutionary War, or writing and adopting the U.S. Constitution. Jefferson, Washington, Hamilton"
Preamble	Introduction to a document
George Washington	Commander-in-chief of Continental Army. 1st President of the United States. "Father of Our Country" Model for Civic Virtue. Believed in a strong central government.
Thomas Jefferson	Author of Declaration of Independence. 3rd President. Approved Louisiana Purchase
1787	"Delegates meet to revise the Articles of Confederation. Instead they drafted, debated, compromised, and finally approved for ratification the Constitution of the United States"
13th Amendment	Freed the slaves
14th Amendment	Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. Were citizens (except Indians). Declared that all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race.
15th Amendment	Granted black men the right to vote
Three-fifths Compromise	"Necessary for the passage of the Constitution, it counted slaves as 3/5 of a person for purposes of population (used to determine representation in the House)"
John Adam's Foreign Policy	See XYZ Affair & Alien & Sedition Acts
Articles of Confederation	Nation's first constitution. Limited power of national government. Created a weak national government incapable of dealing with the nation's problems.
How a bill becomes a law	"Introduced in either house, approved by committee, approved by that house, sent to other house and same process. Compromise if bills were different. After it is passed by both houses it is sent to the president for final approval"
Bill of Rights	First 10 amendments to the Constitution. It protects the rights of individuals & limits the power of government
Branches of government	The power of government is divided into three branches Legislative (Congress) - makes laws; Judicial (courts) - interprets the laws; Executive (President) - enforces the laws
Checks & Balances	Each branch shares its powers with the other branches and thereby checks their activities
Civic Virtue	"Involvement in a community. Citizens of a neighborhood, town, state, or nation have an obligation to be active, peaceful, loyal, and supportive members of their community. Those with civic virtue take an active role in improving the community"
Democracy	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Federalism	Division of powers between the national & state governments
Federalist	Wanted a strong national government. Did not believe the Bill of Rights was needed in the Constitution
Gibbons V. Ogden	"Supreme Court case that said the Constitution gave control of interstate commerce to Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed"
Alexander Hamilton	"Delegate to four Continental Congresses, represented New York in the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. He co-wrote the Federalist Papers (87). He co-wrote the Federalist Papers. He also supported a strong national government & ratification of the Constitution. First Secretary of Treasury, he established the mint and supported the national bank, known as the Bank of the U.S."
Inaugural Address	Speech given by the president the day he is sworn into office
Individual Rights	"These protected rights include economic rights related to property, political rights related to freedom of speech and press, and personal rights related to bearing arms and maintaining private residences."
Free Enterprise System	"An economic system characterized by private ownership of property and resources, the profit motive to stimulate production, competition to ensure efficiency, and the forces of supply and demand to direct the production and distribution of goods and services"
Interest groups	A private organization of like minded people whose goal is to influence and shape public policy
Judicial Review	The ability of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. Comes from the Supreme Court case Marbury V. Madison
Limited government	"Everyone, including all authority figures, must obey laws. Those in power cannot take advantage of their situation"
Loose Interpretation	Government can do anything not expressly forbidden by the Constitution.
Marbury V. Madison	Supreme Court case which established the principle of judicial review
John Marshall	Established authority of the Supreme Court in defining the limits of the U.S. Constitution & the authority of the executive branch. Appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by John Adams.
George Mason	His writings influenced those working to develop a new government. Believed government power should be restricted and he supported protection of human rights. Anti-federalist.
McCulloch V. Maryland	Supreme Court case that ruled the power of the federal government was supreme over that of the states. Maryland sued over national bank
Naturalized Citizen	A person of foreign birth who is granted full citizenship
Northwest Ordinance	It established a system for setting up government in the western territories so they could eventually become states and join the union
Philadelphia Convention	"1787. Called to revise the Articles of Confederation. They ended up throwing out the Articles and writing a new plan of government, the Constitution."
Political parties	"Politically active people with competing interests, opinions, and attitudes unite under party names to unite their causes"
Popular Sovereignty	"Concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting"
Representative government	Power is held by the people and exercised through the efforts of representatives elected by those people
Republic	Democracy in which the supreme power lies with the citizens who vote for officials and representatives responsible to them
Republicanism	Philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. Republicanism says that the only legitimate government is one based on the consent of the governed.
Separation of Powers	"First outlined by Baron de Montesquieu. Power is distributed between executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It is also distributed between the national and state governments"
U.S. Banking system	Bank of U.S. Founded by Alexander Hamilton. Government deposited tax money and issued paper money. Gave loans to farmers & businessmen. 2nd bank charter in 1816. Jackson vetoed recharter in 1836.
U.S. Constitution	Document that outlines the organization and power of the government. Written at the Philadelphia Convention in 1783
Strict Interpretation	The constitution forbids the government to do anything not expressly permitted by the Constitution
Washington's Farewell Address	"1796. Washington decided not to seek 3rd term as president. Published in Philadelphia newspaper. In it he stressed 3 dangers facing the nation: 1) political parties could divide the nation, 2) avoid long term alliances with foreign nations, and 3) avoid sectionalism caused by geography and other differences."
Washington's Foreign Affairs	Stay neutral in foreign affairs
1803	The year during Jefferson's presidency when the U.S. acquired the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon (France) for $15 million. This more than doubled the size of the country.
Star Spangled Banner	The National Anthem written by Francis Scott Key as he watched the Battle of Fort McHenry during the war of 1812
Cherokee Indians	"During Andrew Jackson's presidency they were forced to leave lands in the southeastern U.S. and move to government land in Oklahoma. This forced migration is called ""The Trail of Tears""
Era of Good Feelings	The years following the war of 1812 where Americans felt a new sense of pride and faith in the United States.
Jefferson, Foreign affairs	Louisiana Purchase for France 1803. Doubled the size of the U.S. Embargo Act of 1807
Lewis and Clark Expedition	Assembled a crew that would leave St. Louis in the spring of 1804 and slowly work their way up the Mississippi to explore the new territory.
Madison', Foreign affairs	War of 1812
James Madison	Considered "Father of the Constitution" because of his role in its writing and ratifyication. Wrote Bill of Rights. One of the authors of the Federalist Papers. President during War of 1812
Manifest Destiny	Popular expression in the 1840's. Belief that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans. This drove the acquisition of territory.
Mexican War	"War between U.S. and Mexico over territory in the southwest. As a result, Mexico ceded all claims north of the Rio Grande which included California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, "
Monroe Doctrine	Statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the U.S. and other countries in Western Hemisphere
James Monroe	His Monroe Doctrine established one of the basic principles of American foreign policy
War of 1812	"Often described as the 2nd War for Independence. Fought to protect U.S. & earn respect from Europe. Britain and France had paid little respect to the rights of the U.S. Reasons: impressment of U.S. Sailors, violation of rights at sea, British support of Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley"
Indian Removal Act	"It gave the president power to negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi. Under these treaties, the Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for lands to the west. "
Andrew Jackson	"Old Hickory" became the symbol of the common man's rise from meager origins to positions of prominence. Military leader of the War of 1812. His style of government was called Jacksonian Democracy. He increased the power of the executive branch and began the use of the spoils system
Mormon Trail	"The overland route the Mormon emigrants followed west from Nauvoo, Illinois to Salt Lake City "
Oregon Trail	One of the key overland migration routes on which pioneers traveled across the North America in wagons in order to settle new parts of the U.S. during the 19th century
Removal & Settlement of Native Americans	Land was taken from Indians and they were forcefully "resettled" in Indian Territory (modern day Oklahoma).
Texas Annexation	"Originally, U.S. Would not annex Texas. Sam Houston said Texas might become an ally of Britain. This contributed to the annexation of Texas by the U.S. in 1845."
Bessemer Steel Process	Process of removing impurities from iron to make steel
Cottage Industry	"An industry where the creation of products and services is home-based, rather than factory-based. "
Cotton gin	"Invented by Eli Whitney. Increased production of cotton, thereby increasing the need for slaves."
Industrial Revolution	Period of rapid industrial growth resulting from new sources of power and new ways to make products. Handmade goods were replaced by machine made goods.
Interchangeable Parts	Identical parts that can be interchanged with each other thereby speeding up repair and assembly
Urbanization	The growth and development of cities
Abolitionist Movement	"Began in Revolutionary era, partially in response to inhumane treatment of slaves and partially in an effort to remove blacks from white society. Realized their goal with passage of 13th amendment"
Civil Disobedience	Process of defying codes of conduct within a community or ignoring the policies & government of a state or nation when the civil laws are considered unjust
Declaration of Sentiments	"signed in 1848 by sixty-eight women and thirty-two men, delegates to the first women's rights convention, in Seneca Falls, New York. it included a list of grievances followed by the rights of women and was one of the most important documents of the women's rights movement"
Distillery	A machine that produces distilled alcoholic beverages
Prohibition	"any of several periods during which the manufacture, transportation, import, export, and sale of alcoholic beverages were restricted or illegal "
Reform movements	"Reformers sought to change unfair labor practices, increase nutrition and improve conditions for the poor, enslaved, imprisoned, women, alcoholics, and the disabled"
Saloon	a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter
Temperance	A movement in the 19th century which campaigned for the public to refrain from alcoholic drink
Henry David Thoreau	"Leading American essayist, poet, practical philosopher and transcendentalist. Transcendentalism is based on the idealism, the goodness of humankind and the harmony of creation. Abolitionist. Civil Disobedience - refused to pay taxes"
Uncle Tom's Cabin	Book by Harriet Beacher Stowe that told the reality of a slave's life. Caused great controversy and angered many Southerners
John C Calhoun	Raised issues which highlighted sectional conflicts and presaged the coming of the Civil War. Spokesman for increasing authority of states. Represented South Carolina in the U.S. Senate.
Henry Clay	Known as the "Great Compromiser" for his ability to smooth sectional conflict through balanced legislation. Favored internal improvements and westward expansion. Sponsored the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
Pre-Civil War Compromises	"Missouri Compromise - Missouri enters the Union as a slave state, Maine as a free state. This kept the number of slave states and free states equal. Compromise of 1850 - California enters as a free state; in Mexican Cession voters would decide if slave or"
Fredrick Douglass	Leading African-American abolitionist in 19th century. Spoke about issues of civil rights and human freedom. Ex-slave
Dred Scott v. Sanford	Landmark Supreme Court Case in 1857 which confirmed the status of slaves as property rather than citizens
Freedmen	"Non-slaves. Usually lived in the North. Experienced discrimination. Denied the right to vote, serve on juries, to be educated, to worship freely, and to have access to public lands."
Nullification Crisis	South Carolina declared a federal tariff null and void within its borders. Henry Clay proposed the compromise Tariff of 1833 which slowly reduced tariff. Northerners passed the Force Bill which authorized the army and navy to collect duties.
Plantation system	"System of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of slave labor and environment. Production usually concentrated on a cash crop. South - cotton, tobacco, sugar, rice"
Protective Tariff	Tariff on imported products instituted to protect local industries. This tax increases the price of imported goods making them less appealing to consumers. Tariffs protect domestic products from competition from other countries.
Sectionalism	"a political philosophy, prominent in the United States in the decades before the Civil War that favored the needs and outlook of one's section of the country over the needs and outlook of the country as a whole "
Separate but equal	"a policy enacted into law throughout the U.S. Southern states during the period of segregation, in which African-Americans and European-Americans would receive the same services (schools, hospitals, water fountains, bathrooms, etc.), but that there would "
State's rights	The concept that states should have the right to nullify national laws that are not in the best interest of their state
Tariff policies	"Governments raise operating funds by levying taxes on imported goods. They place foreign merchants at a disadvantage. Northerners favored tariffs, but Southerners opposed them"
Daniel Webster	Represented New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Noted for his speaking ability and his commitment to preserving the Union.
1861 - 1865	Years during which the American Civil War was fought
Antietam	"Northern General McClellan attacked Lee's forces at Antietam, MD. More than 24,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were dead or wounded. Neither side won a clear victory. Bloodiest battle of the Civil War"
Appomattox Court House	Virginia. Location of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender to Union General Ulysses S. Grant effectively ending the American Civil War
Congressional Reconstruction	Series of acts passed by Congress between 1866 & 1867 as part of Reconstruction. Among other things Southern states had to accept the 14th Amendment & rewrite their state constitutions so all adult men were able to vote regardless of race.
Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederacy during the American Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation	"Issued by Lincoln on September 22, 1862 in which all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free. Did not apply to slaves in the border states or to areas in South occupied by federal troops. It did not become effective until January 1, 1863"
Fort Sumter	"Guarded the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina. Confederate forces fired on it on April 13, 1861 beginning the Civil War."
Gettysburg	"July 1 - 3, 1863. Lee hoped to destroy the Union Army. A Confederate cavalry charge up Cemetery Ridge led by George Edward Pickett failed. This Confederate defeat marked the turning point in the American Civil War."
Gettysburg Address	"Delivered by Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863 at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site where the battle of Gettysburg took place. "Four Score....government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.""
Ulysses S Grant	Commander of the Union Army during the Civil War. He created a plan to win the war & later accepted Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. He later goes on to serve as the 18th President of the United States.
Know Nothing Party	Name for U.S. Political parties formed during the 1840s that were against immigration and all the problems they perceived it to cause. Focused on trying to limit the amount and role of immigrants in American society. When asked about their parties beliefs
Robert E. Lee	Commander of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. His battle strategies are still admired & studied today. He eventually surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House ending the American Civil War.
Abraham Lincoln	"Republican president during the American Civil War. Preserved the unity of the U.S. And took steps to abolish slavery, but was assassinated before he could implement his post-war plans. Most lasting influence is the 13th Amendment banning slavery."
Presidential Reconstruction	% of voters swore loyalty to the Union. New Southern governments had to abolish slavery in their constitutions.
Radical Republicans	"Favored harsh treatment of the South and quick incorporation of freemen into citizenship with full privileges including voting rights for all African-Americans, government seizure of land from planters for redistribution to freemen, and funding of schools"
Puritans	fled England in search of religious freedom. Founded the Plymouth & Massachusetts colonies
Pilgrims	fled England in search of religious freedom.
Reasons for slavery	workers needed for large plantations & the decreased number of indentured servants available
New England Colonies	"Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island. Characterized by healthy environment, well-organized towns mostly populated by Puritans & Seperatists. Long winters and short summers with thin rocky soil resulting in subsistence farming, hilly and heavily forested. Economy based on small business/manufacturing, shipbuilding, fishing, whaling & trade"
Middle Colonies	"Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York. Climate & geography consisting of rich soil, large rivers, short mild winters & a long growing season. Economy based on farming, trade, & manufacturing. Cultural diversity resulted in increased religious & cultural tolerance. Home to the first antislavery protests in the country"
Southern Colonies	"Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia - Warm weather, rich soil,_& long growing season. Economy based on cash crops such as tobacco, rice, corn, & wheat. Very little commerce or industry. Large plantations depended on indentured servants & slave labor._"
enlightenment	school of thought which emphasized reason and logic as the foundation for society
Proclamation of 1763	Enacted by George III after the French & Indan War it stated that land west of the Appalachian Mountains was off limits to the colonists in an effort to prevent conflict with Native Americans
Stamp Act	tax on legal and other documents passed by England to help recover the cost of the French & Indian War. Considered one of the causes of the American Revolution.
Valley Forge	thousands of Washington's troops died during the winter but put to use by Washington to train troops with the help of Frederick Von Steuben
Constitutional Convention	"1783 Philadelphia, PA delegates abolish the Articles of Confederation & write the Declaration of Independence"
Arguments for ratification of Constitution	"A.O.C. too weak to govern effectively, strong central government needed to protect the rights of citizens & the country as a whole."
Arguments against ratification of the Constitution	New government takes too much power from the people & states; no bill of rights to protect the rights of the citizens & states
amending	The process of changing the Constitution. Amendments must be proposed by a 2/3 vote of the Congress or states & ratified by a 3/4 vote of the states
Federalist Party	"Founded by George Washington believed in strong central government, rule by the wealthy, economy based on manufacturing, and loose interpretation of the Constitution."
Democratic-Republicans	"Founded by Thomas Jefferson believed in a weak central government, rule by the common man, economy based on agriculture, & a strict interpretation of the Constituion."
nominating convention	Developed during the time of Jacksonian Democracy allowed citizens to have a voice in the nomiantion of presidential candidates by the various political parties
suffrage	The right to vote
Worcester v. Georgia	Supreme Court ruling that stated that Georgia did not have the right to force the Cherokee Indians off of their land. It was ignored by Georgia and President Jackson
industrialization	The use of machines to make products
immigration	The movement of people from one country to another. Many people moved to the U.S. during the industrial revolution in search of work
steamboat	sped river travel and allowed goods to be moved to various markets faster
Hudson River School	Painters such as James Audobon who painted American landscapes and animals
transcendenatlism	"A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition."
Louisiana Purchase	bought from France for 15 million in 1803 the land between the Mississippi River & the Rocky Mountains doubled the size of the U.S.
Florida	Purchased from Spain in 1819as part of the Adams-Onis Treaty
Oregon Territory	Became part of the U.S. in 1846 after Britain gave up claims to present-day Oregon
Mexican Cession	Land obtained from Mexico after the Mexican American War ended in 1848. consisted of most of the present day Southwestern U.S.
Gadsden Purchase	Parts of Arizona & Nevada purchased from Mexico in 1853 completing continental U.S.
Causes of the abolitionist movement	"religious conviction, belief in the basic abilities of man, Uncle Tom's Cabin, & abolitionsists such as John Brown, Frederick Douglass, & William Lloyd Garrison"
John Brown	"Abolitionist who led attacks on pro-slavery forces in Kansas & attacked the arsenal at Harper's Fairy, Virginia in an effort to start a slave rebellion. Was hung for treason & became a hero of the abolitionist movement"
education reform	"Led by Horace Mann it sought to increase pay, and establish training programs for teachers along with guidelines about edcuation and the development of free public education in the U.S. during the early to mid 1800s"
Labor reform	efforts to restrict child labor and improve working conditions for people in the early to mid 1800s
Prison & mental health reform	Led by Dorothea Dixx it sought to reduce overcrowding and improve the treatment of prisoners & those with mental health issues by opening new prisons and mental health institutions in order to reduce crowding provide adequate care
Tariff of Abominations	Name given to the Tariff of 1828 by Southerns who believed its high taxes on imports benefitted the North at the expense of the South. Led to the Nullificaition Crisis
Kansas Nebraska Act	"stated that Kansas & Nebraska would be allowed to decide for themselves whether or not they were to be slave or free states. Thousands of pro and anti-slavery people flooded the states in an effort to influence the vote in Kansas resulting in riots, murders, & other acts of violence that earned Kansas the nickname of ""Bleeding Kansas"""
Causes of the Civil War	"Sectionalism, slavery, state's rights, & the election of Lincoln"
Vicksburg	split the Confederacy in two helping to establish Union control of the Mississippi River
Lincoln's first inaguaral address	"stated that slavery would not be abolished, and that he wold not allow the Union to be destroyed. Any war that started would be started by the South"
Lincoln's second inaugural address	stated that it was time for the country to begin making plans for restoring itself after the Civil War and to move forward in a spirit of peace and reconcilliation
Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederate States of America from 1861 - 1865
Freedmen's Bureau	"established by the government after the Civil War by the government to help former slaves by providing food, clothing, educaiton, medical care, and other basic necessities"
15th Amendment	"guaranteed the right to vote to all citizens regardless of ""race, skin color, or previous condition of servitude"""
Reconstruction	The period (1865-1877) during which the states that had seceded to the Confederacy were controlled by the federal government before being readmitted to the Union.
Radical Reconstruction	"Divided the South into five military districts each commanded by an army general, required former Confederate states to write new constitutions, and ratify the 14th amendment before rejoining the Union."
Sharecropping	"Farmer in the South during the years after the Civil War who worked for a landlord who provided seed, tools, and other necessary supplies in exchange for a percentage of the profit (Usually large enough that the farmer could never earn enough to buy his own land)"
Black Codes	Laws passed by the South in the years after the Civil War in an effort to restrict the rights of African-Americans in an effort to keep them as close to enslaved as possible
Homestead Act	Gave free land to people willing to move west of the Mississippi and make improvements to the land and live there for a minimum of five years. Very few people managed to do this.
Morril Act	Gave states federal land to be used for the creation of agricultural colleges
Dawes Act	Broke Indian Reservations up and allowed ownership of the land by individual Indians. Often resulted in the loss of Indian land.

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