Rocks & Minerals & Forces of Nature WAB

Terms	Definitions
Crust	Outermost layer of the earth. (dark brown) Made of rocks & minerals and broken into plates that move
Rock	Mixture of 1 or more minerals, Solid, May have organic (living) materials, Chemical composition is not same through rock
Mineral	Naturally occurring & an element or compound, Solid, Inorganic , Definite structure and composition
Igneous	Type of Rock formed from cooling & solidifying magma
Sedimentary	Type of Rock formed from rock fragment compacting
Metamorphic	Type of Rock formed by heat & pressure that changed the structure, composition, & appearance
Intrusive	Type of Igneous Rock that forms when magma cools SLOWLY BELOW the surface- Large/ coarse mineral crystals
Extrusive	Type of Igneous rock that forms when lava cools QUICKLY ABOVE the surface causing fine grained crystals or no crystals-glassy
Chemical	Type of Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals are precipitated from a solution or left behind from evaporation
Clastic or Detrital	Type of Sedimentary rock that is made from broken rock fragments compacted/cemented together
Organic or Biologic	Type of Sedimentary rock that is made of or come from once living things
Nonfoliated	Type of Metamorphic rock where the mineral grains change, grow and rearrange but do not form bands (pic on left)
Foliated	Type of Metamorphic rock where the mineral grains flatten and line up in parallel bands (pics on right)
Pangaea	theory that all the continents were joined in a super continent 240 million years ago based on fossil evidence, glacier striations, fitting like puzzle pieces, and same mountain chains
Volcano	Opening in crust that has released molten rock. Eruptions can be violent explosion or quiet lava flow Rock Debris size: Dust, Ash, Cinders, Bombs Lava Flows, Steam, gas Located: Ring of Fire, Hot Spots, Ocean ridges
Composite or Stratovolcano	type of volcano that eruptions alternate between quiet & explosive. ex= Mt Rainier, Mt Fuji, Cotopaxi- Ecuador, Arenal- Costa Rica
Shield	Type of volcano with a flat top, shield shape, fluid like lava, non explosive, less silica, basaltic rock ex = Hawaii
Cinder Cone	Type of volcano with explosive eruptions. steep slopes, ex= Indonesia, Paricutin Mexico
Plate tectonics	Theory that the crust is broken and moves on top of the mantle to form earthquakes, volcanoes, geysers, mountains
Convergent	plate boundary that plates come together with a compression force. Form Mountains, volcanoes, islands, trench- ex= Mariana Trench & Islands, Himalayas
Divergent	plate boundary where plates move away from each other with a tension force. Form valleys, and mid ocean ridge
Transform	plate boundary where plates slide past each other with a shearing force. Don't form anything but lots of earthquakes happen.
Earthquakes	Movement of the earth's crust where plates meet. Causes destruction of things near the movement
Epicenter	Origin of earthquake. The earth's crust above the focus (2) - where the plates have moved
Ring of Fire	Nickname for the activity on the Pacific ocean plate boundaries (80% quakes happen here)
Seismic	Waves that travel in all directions from the focus of the earthquake
Primary	Waves that are the fastest & longitudinal (in & out)- hit first don't cause much damage
Secondary	Waves that are slower & transverse (up & down)- hit next and cause a little more damage
Surface	Waves that are the slowest. Move up & down & rt & lft - cause the most damage
Seismograph	instrument used to detect & record waves
Richter & Mercalli	Scales used to rate earthquakes
Tsunami	Very large wave caused when epicenter of an earthquake is below an ocean
Weathering	breaking down of earth's surface into sediment. 2 types are Mechanical & Chemical (pic is mechanical ice)
Erosion	sediments/rock moved. Ways sediments are moved include: deflation, wind abrasion, gravity, running water, waves, glaciers striations (scraping)
Deposition	sediments laid down in a new location. Ways and what is formed include: Wind (sand dunes), Waves (sandbars), running water (alluvial fans, oxbow lakes), glaciers (till & moraine)