A&P Lab 9
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63 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Free Nerve Endings | Widespread, superficial, found in hairy AND hairless skin; light touch, temperature, pain |
| Hair Follicle Receptors | A dendrite wrapped around a hair follicle; light touch when hair displaced |
| Meissner's Corpuscles | Found in dermal papillae of hairless skin; light touch and low-frequency vibration |
| Merkel's Nerve Complex | Found in stratum basale of hairy AND hairless skin; pressure touch |
| Lamellated or Pacinian | In dermis, joint capsules, some viscera, genitals, and breasts; high-frequency vibration, pressure, stretch, and tickling |
| Ruffini's Cylinders | In dermis and joint capsules; pressure touch |
| Gustation | Sense of taste used to differentiate palatable from non-palatable foods |
| Supporting Cells | Form a capsule surrounding taste receptor cells; protect receptor cells |
| Taste Receptor Cells | Approximately 50 in each taste bud; has microvilli called "taste hair" protruding through a pore on apical surface of taste bud; surface for taste stimuli |
| Basal Cells | Found peripherally on base of a taste bud; develop into supporting cells and then into receptor cells which live about ten days |
| Filiform Papillae | Small, spike-like projections found all over the tongue; most abundant papillae but lack taste buds; roughen tongue and aid in food manipulation |
| Foliate Papillae | Form parallel bands on sides of posterior 2/3 of tongue; have few taste buds |
| Fungiform Papillae | Mushroom shaped projections found all over the tongue, more concentrated on tip and sides; each has about 5 taste buds |
| Vallate Papillae | Large, circular with depression in the middle; about 12 arranged in a V-shaped row on back of tongue; contain between 100 - 300 taste buds |
| Olfaction | Sense of smell |
| Olfactory Epithelium | Comprises the 2 olfactory organs in the nasal cavity; cilia |
| Lamina Propria | Connective tissue beneath the olfactory epithelium |
| Supporting Cells | Columnar epithelial cells found in the olfactory epithelium between the olfactory receptor cells |
| Olfactory Receptor Cells | Bipolar neurons found in the olfactory epithelium; dendrite enlarged to a bulb-shaped "olfactory vesicle" on surface of olfactory epithelium; olfactory vesicle has cilia called "olfactory hairs" which project into the mucus on the surface of the epithelium; odors cause depolarization on these hairs |
| Basal Cells | Replace lost or damaged olfactory receptor cells at the base of the olfactory epithelium (exception to rule that neurons do not replicate) |
| Bowman's Glands | Mucus glands found in lamina propria that moisten olfactory epithelium and dissolve odor molecules |
| Taste | Result of interaction between the senses of smell and taste |
| Auricle or Pinna | Fleshy, cartilaginous external ear flap located on the side of the head; functions to collect sound waves and directs them into the external auditory canal |
| External Auditory Canal | Passageway that directs sound waves from the auricle to the tympanic membrane |
| Tympanic Membrane | Commonly called "eardrum" separates the outer and middle ears; vibrates when struck by sound waves and mechanically transfers the sound to the middle ear |
| Ceruminous Glands | Secrete cerumen (earwax) into external auditory canal; located at the base of hairs that line the canal; in combination with the hair, cerumen helps prevent foreign substances from reaching the delicate tympanic membrane |
| Malleus | Ear ossicle (bone) commonly called "hammer" attached to inside surface of tympanic membrane; articulates with the incus and transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the incus |
| Incus | Ossicle commonly called "anvil" articulates with the malleus and stapes and transmits vibrations from malleus to stapes |
| Stapes | Ossicle commonly called "stirrup" articulates with the incus and the oval window and transmits vibrations from incus to the oval window |
| Oval Window | Opening between middle and inner ear; stapes attaches to the membrane over the oval window, and transfers the vibrations to the fluid in the inner ear; membrane over the oval window 22 times smaller than tympanic membrane; size difference magnifies the vibrations and enables the hearing of the low amplitude sounds |
| Round Window | Opening directly below the oval window; covered by a secondary tympanic membrane; bulges out into the middle ear to dissipate pressure waves within the cochlea after they have been detected by the inner ear |
| Eustachian Tube | Tube connecting the middle ear and the nasopharynx; equalizes the air pressure in middle ear with that of atmospheric pressure enabling tympanic membrane to vibrate freely |
| Stapedius | Small skeletal muscle that protects the oval window by dampening the vibration of the stapes in response to loud noises |
| Tensor Tympani | Small skeletal muscle which limits movement of ossicles and increases tension of the tympanic membrane to prevent damage in response to loud, prolonged noises |
| Bony Labyrinth | Series of interconnected passageways in the temporal bone |
| Membranous Labyrinth | Series of interconnected fluid-filled tubes found within the bony labyrinth |
| Cochlea | Part of the bony labyrinth resembling a snail shell; contains cochlear duct |
| Cochlear Duct | Part of the membranous labyrinth found within the cochlea; contains hearing receptor cells |
| Vestibule | Part of the bony labyrinth containing the saccule and utricle |
| Saccule and Utricle | Pair of membranous sacs found within the vestibule that contain the receptor cells for gravity and linear acceleration |
| Semicircular Canals | Part of the bony labyrinth containing the semicircular ducts |
| Semicircular ducts | Series of three fluid-filled ducts found within the semicircular canals; oriented at right angles to each other on three planes; receptors in the ducts provide information on the position of the head and body in space, acceleration, and deceleration |
| Eyebrows | Superior to eye; partially shade eyes and protect them from sweat |
| Eyelids | Over the eye; blink to moisten the eye and sweep foreign substances away from eye's surface |
| Eyelashes | On margin of eyelids; prevent foreign substances from entering the eye |
| Lacrimal Apparatus | Composed of the lacrimal (tear) gland and lacrimal ducts; secretions or tears from the gland moisten the eye and washes away foreign substances |
| Conjunctiva | Epithelial covering on the inside of the eyelid and the anterior surface of the eye; helps keep the cornea moist and clean |
| Oblique Eye Muscles | Superior oblique rotates the eye downward and medially; inferior oblique rotates eye upward and medially |
| Rectus Eye Muscles | 4 muscles: superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles; move the eye up, down, medially, and laterally |
| Sclera | "White" of the eye; tough, tendon-like layer continuous with the dura mater of the brain around the optic nerve; shapes the eye and is the insertion point for the 6 muscles which control eye movements |
| Cornea | Most anterior layer of the eye that is continuous with the sclera; transparent to allow light into the eye; well-supplied with nerve endings for pain, reflex blinking, and to stimulate lacrimal secretions; lacks blood vessels |
| Choroid | Separates the fibrous and sensory tunics; contains dense capillary bed that provides oxygen and nourishment to the eye; also contains many melanocytes which give the dark appearance |
| Iris | Lies just beneath the cornea; layer to which we attribute eye color; composed of 2 layers of pupilary muscles that control the diameter of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye |
| Pupil | Round, central opening in the center of the eye |
| Ciliary Body | Thick ring of tissue attached to and lies just beneath the iris; anchored at margins by choroid; holds lens in place beneath iris and centered in the pupil; contains ciliary muscle (smooth muscles attaches to lens); changes lens shape to focus light onto the retina |
| Lens | Located beneath the iris and held in center of pupil by suspending ligaments extending from ciliary body; transparent and convex on outer/inner surfaces; focuses an image on retina by changing shape under influence of ciliary muscles |
| Retina | Delicate, 2 innermost layers of eye; neural layer contains photoreceptors and neurons that react to light and transmit and integrate visual signals; beneath neural layer is pigmented layer; absorbs light that passed through the neural layer to prevent light from bouncing back and causing "visual echos" |
| Rods | Photoreceptor cells very sensitive to light; enable us to see shades of gray in dim light |
| Cones | Photoreceptor cells responsible for very high acuity color vision; only operate in bright light; 3 types sensitive to: red, blue, or green light |
| Bipolar Neurons | Synapse with dendrites of rods and cones; transmit nerve impulses to ganglion cells |
| Ganglion Cells | Synapse with axons of bipolar neurons; axons combine to form optic nerve (sends nerve impulses to the brain) |
| Optic Disc | Where optic nerve leaves eye; not covered by retina; blind spot in the eye |
| Optic Nerve | Cranial nerve II; transmits visual information from eye to brain |
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