Life Span Development and Theory, Family, Heredity and Environment
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allen_1355 on April 17, 2012
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Ohio State University Nursing 337
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82 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is the field of life span development devoted to understanding? What does it consider? | human growth and changes throughout the lifespan. the whole person. |
| According to life span development, what does a person develop as? | an integrated whole |
| In life span development, the emphasis is on _____ and _____. The goal is to be _____ throughout the lifespan. | health and wellness. healthy. |
| By the time of _____, part of each individual's health is predetermined by _____ composition, however _____ and _____ behaviors play a major role. | conception. genetic, environment, lifestyle. |
| While health and wellness are emphasized, what about patients that come to us already having health issues? | the goal is then restoration |
| Development refers to changes over time in a person's _____, _____ and _____ due to _____ and _____ influences. | body, cognition, behavior. biological, environmental |
| What is life span development divided into? | developmental periods or stages that most people share |
| How many developmental periods are there in the human lifespan? What are they? | NINE: prenatal, infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolesence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, older adulthood |
| Some developmental periods are defined primarily by _____ events, while others are defined more by _____expectations. | biological, societal |
| How long does each developmental period last? | prenatal (conception to birth), infancy (birth to 18-24 mo.), toddlerhood (12-15 mo. to 2-3 yrs), early childhood (2-3 yrs to 5-6 yrs), middle childhood (6 yrs to 12 yrs), adolescence (12 yrs to 18-21 yrs), young adulthood (18-21 yrs to 40 yrs), middle adulthood (40 yrs to 60-65 yrs), older adulthood (60-65 yrs to age of death) |
| Human development is the result of several interacting forces. What do these forces include? (3) | biological potentials, environmental and social factors, individual's own responses to those circumstances |
| What do biological factors include? Environmental factors? Sociocultural factors? | genetic, neurological and physical conditions. specific experiences in the environment that influence behavior and development. social and cultural influences. |
| Development is best understood when considered within a _____ framework and within the _____ or categories of human experience. | theoretical, domains |
| What are the four domains of human development? | physical, cognitive, personality and sociocultural |
| The physical domain of human development includes changes in physical _____, _____, _____ capabilities, and _____ skills. | shape, size, sensory, motor |
| The cognitive domain of human development includes the acquisition of skills in _____, _____, _____, _____ _____ and _____. | perceiving, thinking, reasoning, problem solving and language |
| What does the personality domain of human development refer to? | the acquisition of stable and enduring personality traits |
| The sociocultural domain of human development refers to the processes of _____ and _____. | socialization and enculturation |
| Nature vs. nurture (what are they, past and present) | Nature refers to genetics. Nurture refers to the environment. In the past, the emphasis used to just be on nature but now we emphasize both. |
| What are the roles of biological events and the environment thought to be in genetics? | maturation is closely linked with biological events. learning is closely linked with interactions with the environment. |
| What does developmental neuroscience focus on? | the links between brain function, behavior and thought |
| According to the psychodynamic views of human development, what are behavior and personality motivated by? | inner forces, memories, conflicts |
| What are two theories under the psychodynamic view of human development? What time span does each encompass? | Freud's psychoanalytic theory (birth to adolescence), Erickson's psychosocial theory (entire life span) |
| How many stages are there in Erickson's psychosocial theory? What needs to happen with them? In what order do they need to occur in? | 8. need to be resolved over one's lifespan. need to occur in a fixed order. |
| What do the first five stages of Erickson's psychosocial theory pertain to? What about the last three? | birth through adolescence. adulthood. |
| The interactions with _____ and the impact of _____ are both important in Erickson's psychosocial theory. What is his theory based on? | others, culture. observation and speculation. |
| What do behavioral view of human development focus on? | processes that produce observable behavior. |
| Behavioral views of human development use environmental manipulation to change behavior. What are three examples? | classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory |
| Behavioral views of human development are not _____-specific. | age |
| What do cognitive-developmental theories focus on? (2) | the processes of how one can know, understand and think about one's world and how one develops thinking, reasoning, and problem solving and how these change over time |
| What is an example of a cognitive view of human development? | Piaget's stages of cognition (birth through adolescence) |
| What does an ecological view involve? | examining all the contexts in which humans develop |
| According to the ecological view, different levels of the environment influence development _____. | simultaneously |
| According to the ecological view, a person is a _____ and _____ of one's environment. What is an example of this? | product and producer. a child affects a parent and a parent affects a child. |
| According to the ecological view, interactions within the environment are _____ or _____. | bi-directional. reciprocal. |
| How developed the bioecological model? What three things does it emphasize the interaction of? | Urie Bronfenbrenner. individual, family, societal forces. |
| According to the bioecological model, development occurs as an outcome of interaction of one's _____ environment with the _____ and other _____. | biological, family, environments |
| What does Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model look like/what are the components? | a circle. at the center of the circle is the individual. from there it builds outward in this order: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem |
| The microsystem involves relationships between the individual and what? What things might be included in this domain? | the immediate environment. family, school, peers, religious affiliation, workplace, neighborhood. |
| What does the mesosystem involve? | how microsystems influence each other in development |
| The components of the exosystem _____, but do not _____, the developing individual. What sorts of things does this include? | affect, don't contain. education system, economic system, political system, government system, religious system. could include extended family. |
| The macrosystem includes the _____ and _____ in which one lives. This includes _____, _____, and _____. | culture, subculture. laws, values and customs |
| The chronosystem is the domain of _____. It includes the changes in the other environments as the individual grows and develops. | time |
| How is the bioecological model important to nursing? | we should look for the strengths in an individual's own model |
| In nursing, we work with individuals in the context of their _____. How is this important? | family. the family is important in promoting health as this is where an individual learns health/illness/lifestyle behaviors |
| What are three different definitions of family? | self definition, U.S. Bureau of Census, Legal Definition |
| What is the self definition of family? What may this include? | two or more people who define themselves as a family and depend on one another for emotional, physical and/or economic support. may not include blood/legal ties. may include even pets. |
| According to the U.S. Bureau of Census, a family is a group of _____ or more persons related by _____, _____ or _____ and who are residing together. | two, blood, marriage, adoption |
| What is the legal definition of family? When does it often come into play? | two or more people related by blood ties, adoption, guardianship or marriage. comes into play when discussing who can make health care decisions, who can visit, etc |
| 50% of children now live with... | one parent only |
| What does a family provide to its members? | protection, nourishment, and socialization |
| In a family, there is _____ and _____ among members. | commitment, attachment |
| Where are health and illness behaviors learned? | within the context of the family |
| How do family and an individual's health interact? | family affects an individual's health and an individual's health and health practices affect the family |
| Health care is more effective when it emphasizes the _____ rather than the _____. Why is this? | family rather than the individual. the family members are the caregivers and supporter's of the individual's lifestyle |
| What are the four major ways of considering the family? | component of society, context, subsystems, a unit |
| What does the context view of family mean? | focus on an individual member and the rest of the family is in the background. |
| subsystem view of families + when it commonly occurs? | parent-child, adult-adult, siblings. seen in pediatric settings |
| What does the "unit" view of families mean? What does it focus on? | family members as an interactive system. focuses on the entire family. |
| What view of family gets used the most in practice? What is the ideal view to use? | the context view gets used the most. the unit view is the ideal view, though it doesn't get used much. |
| _____, _____, and _____ of the health of families are important to _____ survival. | promotion, maintenance, restoration. society's |
| How many levels of family health promotion are there? | primary, secondary and tertiary |
| What is the focus of primary family health promotion? What four things commonly get focused on? | choosing life-style choices that reduce risk factors for illness. nutrition, activity, sleep and relaxation |
| Primary healthy promotion is essentially _____ care. What are some examples? | wellness. immunizations, well-child appointments, well-adult visits |
| In primary family health promotion, a family is ultimately _____ for their own health. The family has a right to health information to make _____ _____ about behavior and lifestyle changes. The family has a capacity to _____. The family will choose only health behaviors which are relevant and compatible with _____ and _____ structure. | responsible. informed decisions. change. lifestyle and family structure |
| Secondary family health promotion focuses on the _____ attached to _____ a family member or the family unit is experiencing. | meaning, symptoms |
| In secondary family health promotion, what is the decision to seek health care related to? | socioeconomic status, health insurance, access to care, beliefs regarding health, illness and health care providers |
| What is the focus of tertiary family health promotion? What is the goal? | health restoration activities within the family unit. to restore the family to optimum functioning. |
| _____ changes are necessary in tertiary family health promotion. | lifestyle |
| What is an example of a time when tertiary family health promotion is necessary? | when a family member has an MI, or family member has cancer |
| What are the components of a family assessment? | the FAMILY'S definition of the family members. composition of the family. roles/function of each family member. genograms (health hx across generations), family strengths, family risk factors |
| What does a genogram look at? How any generations does it look at? Who develops it? | health history across generations. over three or more generations. the nurse and the family develop it together. |
| What does behavior genetics try to understand? What view does it incorporate? | the genetic origins of behavior. the view that complex traits are determined by an interaction of heredity and the environment. |
| Behavioral genetics looks at the _____ _____, or _____, of similar characteristics with genes. | statistical correlation, concordance |
| What do concordance rates form the basis of? | estimates of heritability, the proportion of a trait that is thought to result from genetic factors |
| Epigenetics refers to the interrelationship between _____ and _____. How do these two interact? | genes and environment. they have a bi-directional influence on each other. |
| Development is a series of complex exchanges between _____ and _____ that change over one's lifetime. | genes and environment |
| Overall, _____ are viewed more favorably today than they were in the past. | children |
| Collectivist cultures stress _____ and _____. What is an example of this? Individualistic cultures emphasize _____ and _____ achievement. | interdependence and cooperation. In Japan, infants and children through age three sleep with their parents. competition and individual achievement. |
| _____ pay a critical role in orienting a child to society and culture. | Families |
| We all start of thinking that our family is "the norm," but what is it important to avoid? | ethnocentrism, which is the tendency to assume that our own beliefs, customs and values are normal and others are abnormal |
| What are the components of a child's developmental niche? | everyday physical and social settings, child-care and child-rearing custom, overall psychology of the caregivers |
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