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obicularis oculi closes the eye obicularis oris puckers the lip levator labii superioris elevate the upper lip depressor labii inferioris lowers the lower lip mentalis elevate and protrude the lower lip zygomaticus major elevates the corner of the mouth zygomaticus minor elevates the upper lip buccinators compresses cheek frontalis raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead gray matter Areas in the CNS dominated by nerve cell bodies, glial cells, and unmyelinated axons white matter regions inside the CNS that are dominated by myelinated axons lateral ventricles two curved, fluid-filled cavities located within the cerebrum. Largest of the ventricles third ventricle cavity within the diencephalon fourth ventricle extends from the aqueduct of the midbrain to the central canal of the upper end of the spinal cord, with which it communicates via the foramina of Luschka and the foramen of Magendie cerebrospinal fluid Fluid bathing the internal and external surfaces of the CNS; secreted by the choroid plexus dura mater outermost component of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord arachnoid The middle meninges that enclose CSF and protect the central nervous system pia mater The delicate inner meningeal layer that is in direct contact with the neural tissue of the CNS cerebrum The largest portion of the brain, composed of the cerebral hemispheres; includes the cerebral cortex, the basal nuclei, and the internal capsule. conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions diencephalon a division of the brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus, thalamus - signal relay areas, hypothalamus - body temp, appetite, most hormones cerebellum posterior portion of the met encephalon, containing the cerebellar hemispheres; includes the arbor vitae, cerebellar nuclei, and cerebellar cortex. coordinates complex somatic motor patterns, adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord. brainstem The portion of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons Varolii, and midbrain, that connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and cerebrum. crossing over (decussation) crossover of the pyramidal tracts on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata sulcus a groove or furrow gyrus a prominent fold or ridge of neural cortex on the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres lobes region under bones - same names frontal lobe voluntary muscle movements temporal lobe hearing parietal lobe tactile sensing occipital lobe vision, general pattern recognition cerebral cortex outer layer, gray matter corpus callosum bundle of axons linking centers in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. olfactory bulbs extension of cerebrum arbor vitae part of cerebellum, tree-like white matter arrangement peduncles muscle coordination, "learned reflexes", memory of complex, muscle movements midbrain mesencephalon - signals up and down, visual and auditory processing, part of brainstem pons routes signals between cerebrum and cerebellum, part of brainstem medulla oblongata incoming and outgoing signals from spinal cord, autonomic functions: heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, merges into spinal cord, part of brain stem. foramen magnum connects the cranial and spinal cavities enclosed by the vertebral column meninges dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater vertebral foramen opening in each vertebra through which the spinal cord runs spinal nerves 31 pairs gray commisure contain axons crossing from one side of the cord to the other before reaching a destination within the gray matter. Posterior and anterior to the central canal central canal a passageway along the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid anterior median fissure the deep crease along the ventral surface of the spinal cord posterior median sulcus a shallow longitudinal groove on the dorsal side of the spinal cord funiculi One of three major divisions of white matter in the spinal cord dorsal root ganglion PNS ganglion containing the cell bodies of sensory neurons ventral root leaves the spinal cord, contains the axons of somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons that control peripheral effectors dorsal root contains the axon of the sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion