| Term | Definition |
| Monsoons | Alternating winds that influence wet and dry seasons around the Indian Ocean |
| Stateless society | Common form of social interaction in Africa with no hierarchal government |
| Ghana | Western Sudanese state started in the 3rd century |
| Mali | Western Sudanese state started in the 13th century |
| Songhay | Western Sudanese state started in the 15th century |
| Hausa | State that became powerful east of Songhay during the 15th century |
| Sundiata | Lion-king leader of Mali |
| Griots | Master storytellers of western AFrica |
| Swahili Coast | Coast of East Africa |
| Great Zimbabwe | Powerful city-state in Swahili |
| Ethiopia | Christian state in Swahili |