Muscles and Respiratory System
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93 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The different types of muscle tissue differ from each other by: | microscopic anatomy, location, and type of control. |
| Which of the following is NOT a major function of muscle tissue? | Storing energy |
| This is the property of muscle that gives it the ability to stretch without damage. | Extensibility |
| What is occurring when the force of a muscle twitch contraction starts to dissipate? | The level of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm decreases, because it is actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
| In an isometric contraction the muscle develops tension, but does not: | Shorten |
| Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding Fast Glycolytic fibers found in the skeletal muscle? | The are adapted for intense bursts of anaerobically fueled movement. |
| Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding Slow Oxidative fibers found in skeletal muscle? | The contract slowly, but are resistant to fatigue. |
| Calcium ions bind to the ____ molecule in the skeletal muscle cells. | Troponin |
| This is a band of connective tissue that surrounds whole muscles. | Epimysium |
| When connective tissue extends as a broad flat layer, the tendon is referred to as | Aponeurosis |
| For every nerve that penetrates a skeletal muscle, there are in general how many arteries and veins? | One artery and one or two veins. |
| Axon terminal clusters at the ends of motor neurons that are considered part of the neuromuscular junction are referred to as: | Synaptic end bulbs |
| After the fusion of myoblasts, the muscle fiber loses its ability to do what? | Go through mitosis |
| Which of the following represents the sequence that muscle action potentials must go through to excite a muscle cell? | Axon of neuron, sarcolemma, T tubules. |
| These are the contractile organelles of the muscle fiber. | Myofibrils |
| This part of the skeletal muscle cell releases calcium when stimulated by the T tubules. | Terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| The sarcoplasmic reticulum is used for storing ___. | Ca2+ |
| Which of the following contains thin filaments? | Both I band and A band.. |
| Which of the following contains thick filaments? | All of these choices |
| Myofibrils contain | All of these choices. |
| Which of the following functions as a motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue? | Myosin |
| What regulatory proteins can be found associated with an actin molecule? | Tropomyosin and troponin |
| Titin is found in a sarcomere | from the M line to the Z disc |
| Which of the following is used to reinforce the sarcolemma? | Dystrophin |
| In the sliding filament mechanism, the thin filament is being pulled towards the | M line. |
| The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into the cytosol | At the beginning of a contraction. |
| What energizes the myosin head? | Hydrolysis of ATP |
| What is needed for the contraction cycle to continue? | Calcium ions and ATP |
| This phase is described as a muscle action potential propagating along the sarcolemme and into the T tubules. | Excitation |
| The signal to excite a muscle cell must cross the neuromuscular junction by the diffusion of acetylcholine across the | Synaptic cleft |
| How many molecules of acetylcholine need to bind to open the ion channel of the ACh receptor? | 2 |
| How do muscles produce ATP? | All of these |
| Creatine phosphate stores and ATP together create enough energy for a muscle to contract for | 15 seconds |
| This consists of a somatic motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates. | Motor unit |
| A single, brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential is called: | Twitch contraction |
| This is also referred to as the period of lost excitability. | Refractory period |
| A sustained contraction during which individual muscle twitches cannot be detected is called: | Fused tetanus |
| Increasing the number of active motor units is called: | Motor unit recruitment |
| This is the least powerful type of muscle fiber: | Slow oxidative fiber |
| A unique characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue is: | Intercalated discs |
| Smooth muscle tone is due to the prolonged presence of this material in the cytosol? | Calcium ions |
| Which of the following is NOT a correct structure and tissue type pairing? | Sarcolemma : loose areolar connective tissue |
| Which of the following is composed of areolar connective tissue? | Endomysium |
| Atrophy is: | A loss in size and strength of muscle fibers |
| Skeletal muscle cells | can be as much as a foot long. |
| Hypertrophy is | an increase in the size of muscle fibers. |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding a sarcomere? | It contains the I-band which is composed of actin and myosin myofilaments. |
| Acetylcholine binds to and opens chemically gated channels located within the ___. | Motor end plate |
| Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the production of ATP in skeletal muscle fibers? | Short burst activities (such as sprints) rely mainly on anaerobic production of ATP. |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding whole muscle contraction? | Increaseing the frequency of stimulation results in motor unit recruitment. |
| Which of the following statements best describes Slow Oxidative muscle fibers? | The are resistant to fatigue. |
| A motor unit | comprise a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates. |
| Which of the following surrounds the individual uscle cell? | Endoysium |
| Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding skeletal muscle contraction? | The myosin head binds to the actin receptor region once it has hydrolyzed ATP and the regulatory proteins have been "pulled out of the way." |
| Most muscles cross at least one | Joint |
| A lever is acted on by two different points by two different forces which are | Effort and load |
| Which of the following is not a fascicle arrangement? | Oval |
| This type of fascicle arrangement has the fascicles spread over a broad area and converges at a thick central tendon. | Triangular |
| What is another name for a prime mover? | Agonist |
| Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system? | Trachea |
| The conducting zone acts to | All of these choices |
| The nose connects with the pharynx through the | Choanae (internal nares) |
| Which of the following is a passageway for air, food, and water? | Pharynx |
| The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called | Fauces (throat) |
| This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea. | Epiglottis |
| During swallowing, which structure rises? | Pharynx |
| These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage. | Arytenoids cartilage |
| Pitch is controlled by | tension of the vocal chords |
| This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air tot he bronchi. | Trachea |
| This is the primary gas exchange site. | Aleveolus |
| Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system? | Hyaline cartilage |
| Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs? | Ciliated psudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. |
| The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called | Carina |
| Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? | Simple squamous epithelium |
| These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant. | Type II alveolar cells |
| This is the direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells. | Oxygen out of blood, CO2 into blood |
| This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs. | Oxygen into blood, CO2 out of blood |
| Exhalation begins when | Inspiratory muscles relax |
| This means the lungs and the chest wall expand easily. | High compliance |
| The conducting airways with the air that does not undergo respiratory exchange are known as the | Respiratory dead space |
| This is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume. | Functional residual capacity. |
| Which of the following is NOT a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on? | Force of contraction of diaphragm. |
| Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport? | Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions. |
| When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin _____ and oxygen dilivery tot he tissue cells _____. | Decreases, increases |
| Which is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? | Respiratory rate |
| This is a forced exhalation against the closed rima glottidis as may occur during periods of straining while defecating: | Valsalva maneuver |
| This is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis, which produces a sharp sound on inhalation: | Hiccuping |
| This is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions: | Laughing |
| This is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions: | Crying |
| This is a series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation. The rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lung with each inhalation: | Sobbing |
| This is a deep inhalation through a widely opened mouth | Yawning |
| Where is the rhythmicity center for respiration? | In the medulla |
| With which body system does the respiratory system work to regulate the pH of body fluids? | Urinary |
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