5 Written Questions

1. Species aren't just together by chance read
2. • Mathematical formulas that take into account not only the number of species (species richness), but also relative abundance.
   • E.g., two communities having the same species richness, but one community (b) shows more of a variety and higher evenness (more abundance of several different kind of species), whereas the other community (a) may be dominated by a particular species)
3. Feeding relationships
4. • Food webs are used to show/quantify community structure
   • More complex if the feeding relationship is more complex
   o E.g., community with omnivores (feed on a variety of resources) will be more complex
5. Difficult because some communities are very complex/species rich
   *Can quantify in 3 ways
   **1)Species richness
   **2) Diversity Indices
   **3) Trophic relationships

5 Matching Questions

1. How do ecotone edges vary in contrast?
2. The community approach to ecology
3. Info on food webs and their influence on the stability of communities.
4. Info on species richness.
5. What concept - open or closed - is correct?

1. a • Resilience vs. constancy
   
   • Resilience
   o Ability of a community/system to return to some reference state after a disturbance (i.e., to 'bounce back' after flood, fire, etc.)
   o Enhanced by complex food webs
   • More complex food webs → more resilience
   • Constancy (resistance)
   o The ability of a system to resist change
   o Relationship with food webs is more complex
2. b • We ask questions about feeding relationships, patterns in time & space, & the diversity & relative abundance of species living together.
   **Can be Closed or Open
3. c The number of species present in that community
4. d  Can see very clear cut edges
    Can see fuzzy edge with merging
5. e o Integration (neither are wrong; today we see integration)
   • Most species assemblages lack distinct boundaries (part of the open community concept)
   • Interactions among species determine community structure & function (part of the closed community concept); species aren't together only by chance.

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1.  They connect communities: materials, energy, & organisms move through them
    Ecotone characteristics influence gradients of wind flow, moisture, temperature, & solar radiation
    They restrict or facilitate the movement of animals & seed (represent boundaries)
   1. What is a community?
   2. Why are ecotones important?
   3. Info on Ecotones..
   4. What is a guild?
2.  Group of species with similar ecological positions
   • E.g., certain insects feed on certain parts of a grass blade as larvae
   o Guild shows the intensity of competition among species
   READ
   1. Info on gradient analysis
   2. What is a guild?
   3. What is a community?
   4. Info on Ecotones..
3. o Communities are composed of species that are associated by chance; they share adaptations that allow them to live together in a particular area
   1. Info on open community concept
   2. More info on open communities..
   3. Info on closed community concept
   4. Info on Ecotones..
4. Food webs
   1. Feeding relationships organize communities into _____ _____.
   2. info on food webs and community structure
   3. Info on open community concept
   4. More info on open communities..
5. Edge specialists
    Some organism that wants the variety of features in close proximity of each other.
   • The males want tall trees/perches from which to sing and advertise their territories, where as the females want shrubs to build their nest
   1. Some communities are discrete units...
   2. Some species, such as indigo bunting, are _______ (ecotone) __________. Info.
   3. In open communities, species are distributed _________ of each other
   4. Feeding relationships organize communities into _____ _____.

5 True/False Questions

1. In open communities, species are distributed _________ of each other → independently
   • Variety of species distributed across various gradients (e.g., moisture gradient where some prefer dry and some prefer wet)

   True        False

2. More info on open communities.. → o Communities are composed of species that are associated by chance; they share adaptations that allow them to live together in a particular area

   True        False

3. Info on trophic levels being influenced from top and bottom. → Feeding relationships

   True        False

4. Info on Ecotones.. → Boundaries/transition between two areas, communities, biomes, etc.
   *Vary in their degree of development
   
   • E.g., grasses next door to a tree community (upper left)
    Distinction is very clean cut between x and y
    Argued it represents an edge and not an ecotone
   • Community y invades community x (upper right)
    See ecotype; environmental gradient; invading/merging of communities
   • Community x invades community y (lower left)
    See ecotype; environmental gradient; invading/merging of communities
   • Communities invading each other even more (lower right)
    See ecotype; environmental gradient; invading/merging of communities

   True        False

5. Some communities are discrete units... → • We ask questions about feeding relationships, patterns in time & space, & the diversity & relative abundance of species living together.
   **Can be Closed or Open

   True        False