ANAT212
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Created by:
ggasperlin on April 17, 2012
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Anat212
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125 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Acetyl CoA | acetyl group attached to Coenzyme A by a high energy thioester bond |
| fructose-1,6-biphosphate | end product of energy investment to glucose (bumble bee futile cycle) |
| PFK (phosphofructokinase) | enzyme that transfers phosphate onto glucose-6-phosphate. allosterically regulated by ADP/AMP |
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | forms a temporary covalent bond with enzyme through a thiol group, enzyme reduces NAD to NADH, leaves a high energy anhydride bond |
| 1,3-biphosphoglycerate | high energy anhydride bond is displaced by inorganic phosphate to create ATP |
| phosphoenolpyruvate | high energy enol phosphate linkage is transferred to create ATP |
| creatine phosphate | small molecule with extremely rapid energy source |
| pyruvate | end point of glycolysis, acid that is damaging to cells so has to be changed |
| citrate | combination of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate, start of krebs cycle |
| oxaloacetate | 4 carbon molecule that is not consumed in the krebs cycle |
| porins | transport pore in OM of mitochondria allowing anything < 5kDa through |
| cardiolipin | lipid in the IM of mitochondria making it impermeable |
| NADH dehydrogenase complex | removes electrons from NADH and captures as packets of energy, pumps a proton from the matrix to IMS |
| Ubiquinone | small hydrophobic molecule that moves electrons between NADH dehydrogenase complex and the cytochrome b-c1 complex |
| cytochrome b-c1 complex | passes electron to cytochrome C, moves proton into IMS |
| cytochrome C | carries electrons to the cytochrome oxidase complex |
| cytochrome oxidase complex | reduces oxygen, accepts electrons one at a time but passes them on four at a time, transports a proton to IMS for each |
| heme group (porphyrin) | involved in transporting electrons in the transport chain, can have iron-sulfur or copper centre |
| F0F1 ATP synthetase | synthesizes ATP in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation when turned by import of proton |
| CLK-1 | involved in biosynthesis of ubiquinone |
| EGF, PDGF, TGFa | growth factors ineuce proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes |
| TGFb | inhibit keratinocyte proliferation |
| FGF | growth factor inducing proliferation but also promotes angiogenesis |
| MMP | matrix metalloproteases, remove scar tissues |
| estradiol, testosterone, vitaim D2 | liposoluble steroid hormones localized in the cytoplasm or nucleus that act to directly regulate gene expression |
| g-protein linked receptor | largest family of cell surface receptor, has 7 TM regions |
| Src tyrosine kinase | doesn't have an extracellular domain, binds to itself via the SH2 region and phosphorylated T-527 |
| SH2 | 100 amino acids, binds to phosphorylated tyrosines, binding site for amino acid side chain shows specificity |
| SH3 | 50 amino acids, binds to proline rich residues X-P-P-PX-P |
| PLCg | binds directly to phosphorylated RTK, gets phosphorlyated and activated |
| p85 | induces conformational change in p110 by approaching phosphorlyated RTK and pushing p110 against the membrane |
| Grb2-Sos-Ras | changes into a GNRF which activates Raf |
| Ras | GTPase activated by GEF, deactivated by GAP |
| oncogene | dominant cancer causing gene |
| tumor suppressor gene | recessive cancer causing gene |
| forci | countable piles of cells growing in a multilayer |
| E6 | E3 Ub-ligase that degrades p53 in HPV |
| E7 | binds to Rb and inhibits it in HPV |
| MLH1 | tumor suppressor gene that doesn't get mutated just turned off |
| Abl-Bcr | active tyrosine kinase in CML, fused protein from chromosomes 9 and 22, causes WBC to proliferate, blocked with Gleevec |
| HIF | accumulation of this in hypoxic conditions induces transcription genes that attract blood vessels |
| VEGF | makes blood vessels grow and proliferate towards tissues low in oxygen |
| bicoid | early classical example of a morphogen |
| eve | skips the even numbered stage in embryo patterning |
| ftz | not enough segments in embryo patterning |
| Wnt | binds to frizzled in the canonical pathway |
| GSK3b/Axin/APC/CKIa | complex formed with beta-catenin |
| beta-catenin | when it accumulates it enters the nucleus and binds to TCF to turn on target genes, can be mutated in many cancers |
| groucho | negative regulator of transcription displaced by beta catenin |
| pax2 | transcription factor found in the kidneys, if you don't have it you don't have kidneys, similar to pax8 |
| gata3 | downstream of pax2, zinc-finger transcription factor, responsible for HDR syndrome |
| GDNF | morphogen expressed in and secreted from the mesenchyme, induces ureter generation |
| Ret/GFRa1 | GDNF's receptor in the epithelium |
| spry1 | inhibits Ret/GFRa1 |
| LAR family | essential to ureter maturation |
| RPTP | member of the LAR family, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (opposite of RTK) |
| CDK (Cyclin Dependent Kinase) | becomes active when bound to a cyclin |
| Cyclin | regulates CDKs and their kinase activity |
| G1/S (Cyclin) | shoots up to initiate the cell cycle, but immediately drops before S-phase |
| S (Cyclin) | synthesized while G1/S cyclin performs its cycle; present from S-Phase to M-Phase |
| M (Cyclin) | helps in the division processs of the cell into two daughter cells |
| CAK (Cdk-Activating Kinase) | phosphorylates the active site loop of a cyclin-CDK complex, causing a slight conformational change and activating the entire complex; need this for a FULLY ACTIVE cyclin-Cdk complex |
| Wee1 | Kinase; places on inhibitory phosphate on M-Cdk; inactivates M-Cdk |
| Cdc25 | Phosphatase; removes the inhibitory phosphate placed on M-Cdk by Wee1; activates M-Cdk; positive feedback by M-cyclin |
| p27 | binds to the Cyclin-Cdk complex and holds it in a conformation rendering the complex inactive; similar to p16 and p57 |
| p16 | tumor suppressor gene; usually binds the G1/S-cylin-Cdk complex; loss of which results in tumor |
| Ubiquitin | specific signal found on the target substrate that sends the target substrate to the proteasome for degradation |
| SCF | complex responsible for signalling the degradation of the CKI |
| F-box | confers specificity in the SCF complex |
| Skp and Cullin | form the backbone of the SCF complex |
| CKI (CDK Inhibitor Protein) | destroyed in the cell cycle by proteasome; needs to be phosphorylated by a cyclin-Cdk complex in order to be targeted for degradation |
| APC (Anaphase Promoting Complex) | responsible for the degradation of M-cyclin; poly-Ub the M-cyclin/Cdk complex |
| Cdc20 | activates the inactive APC; initiates M-cyclin degradation |
| ORC (Origin Recognition Complex) | binds to Origins of Replication and marks the start of DNA replication |
| Cdc6 | binds to the ORC in G1 forcing a conformational change and attracting Mcm proteins |
| Mcm | proteins that make a ring-like structure around the DNA at a DNA replication start site; contain DNA helicases |
| Pre-Replicative Complex | Mcm + ORC + Cdc6 |
| S (Cyclin) | phosphorylates the Cdc6 triggering DNA Synthesis; Cdc6 dissociates and gets degraded leaving ORC to get phosphorylated and inactive |
| phosphorylation of ORC | prevents the Mcm complex from assembling, keeps Cdc6 from binding, and turns the whole system of DNA Synthesis off; prevents re-replication |
| APC | E3 Ligase that promotes proteolysis of M-cyclin |
| APC | clips the cohesins and condensins and targets them for degradation |
| cdc20 | binds the APC and activates it |
| APC | poly-Ub securin signalling it for degradation |
| securin | inhibitory protein for separase protease |
| M-cdk | stimulates cdc20-APC activity triggering degradation of M-cyclin |
| Hct1-APC | inactivated by M-cdk and activated when [M-cdk] low |
| M-cdk | inactivated by Hct1 or Sic1 and activated when [Hct1] or [Sic1] low |
| Sic1 | cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) like p27; degraded when phosphorylated; degrades m-cyclin |
| Hct1 | activates APC to degrade M-cyclin |
| p21 | suppresses G1/S Cdk and S Cdk activities following DNA damage; activated by active p53 |
| p53 | activates p21 in response to DNA Damage |
| ATM/ATR kinase | phosphorylates Chk1/2 in response to DNA damage |
| Chk1/2 | phosphorylates p53 in response to DNA damage |
| Mdm2 | poly-Ub p53 |
| MAP Kinase | goes to nucleus and phosphorylates the transcription factor Myc |
| Myc | activates G1 cdk; how cells in G1 or G0 get back into the cell cycle; excess leads to permanently active p53 |
| RB | keeps E2F in an inactive form; dissociates when phosphorylated |
| E2F | transcription factor with positive feedback on itself; kept inactive by RB |
| Arf | result of excess Myc; binds to and inhibits Mdm2 therefore activates p53 |
| cdc25 | inhibited by damaged or unreplicated DNA |
| Rapamycin | analogs are used to treat some cancers |
| Aflatoxin B1 | when metabolized by the liver, becomes a reactive compound capable of making the DNA adduct and cause a break in the normal transcription |
| Shh | secreted from the notocord and sent to the floorplate |
| Ptch1 | cell surface receptor that represses Smo |
| Gli3 | binds to DNA and prevents accumulation of target genes; acts as a repressor in the Shh pathway |
| Shh | binds and represses Ptch1 |
| Smo | activates Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 |
| Cyclopamine | natural inhibitor of the Shh Signalling pathway; acts as a repressor of Smo |
| BMP (Bone Morphogenic Proteins) | secreted from the roof plate, opposite Shh; generates the far of dorsal neurons in response to different concentrations of BMP |
| Ubx | when overexpressed, drosophila loses its wings |
| Ubx | when mutant; second pair of full wings instead of haleteres |
| Notch | membrane bound receptor that is activated by Delta; represses cell specialization; Stronger Delta, Weaker Notch = specialized cell |
| Delta | activates Notch |
| TACE | cuts Notch on the outside of the plasma membrane |
| (g)Secretase | cuts Notch on the inside of the plasma membrane |
| Intracellular Domain of Notch | after the 2nd cut by gamma secratase, set free to complex wtih another protein, translocate to the nucleus, and bind CSL transcriptioin factor |
| Notch | displaces co-repressor on CLS and brings in a co-activator protein that activates transcription |
| Numb | repressor of Notch signalling; prevents Notch from entering the nucleus; cells that inherit it will never activate Notch |
| Numb | determinant involved in the assymetric division of cells present on one side of the cell BEFORE cytokinesis |
| Numb | allows for differentiation between cells because there is a repressor in one of the cells that prevents certain genes from being activated; |
| DIX and PDZ | activation by canonical Wnt pathway leads to gene transcription and nothing else |
| DEP and DIX and PDZ | activation by non-canonical Wnt pathway leads to planar cell polarity |
| kit | needed for the survival of neural crest-derived pigmentation cells; lack of which prodcues a mild mutation such as a white spot on the forehead fur to cell death |
| netrin | component of the floor plate that spinal cord cells grow towards; causes axon to cross the midline once |
| Slit and Semaphorin | repellants expressed at the midlin that bind receptor Roundabout(Robo) on the axon and ensure that the nerve turns away from midline and goes to the brain |
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