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Personality Disorder inflexible and maladaptive patterns of behavior Features of Personality Disorder early onset, stable, pervasive, egosyntonic, maladaptation Personality Disorder Clusters A: odd, eccentric, socially isolated B: flamboyant, overly emotional C: anxious or avoidant Personality Disorder Prevalence 10% of population Cluster A Paranoid,Schizoid,Schizotypal Paranoid Personality Disorder type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others Paranoid Personality Disorder Criteria 4 or more characteristic symptoms: The person suspects that other are exploiting, harming or deceiving him/her; Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the trustworthiness of others Is reluctant to confide in others Reads demeaning content into benign remarks or events; Persistently bears grudges Perceives attacks on his/her character not perceived by others Is persistently suspicious without justification about he fidelity of his/her spouse of sexual partner. Schizoid Personality Disorder type of personality disorder characterized by social aloofness and limited range of emotional expression Schizoid Personality Disorder Criteria At least 4 of the following: No desire/enjoyment of close relationships Almost always chooses solitary activities Pleasure from few activities Little/no desire for sexual experiences with others Indifferent to praise/criticism No close friends or confidants (or only one). Emotional coldness, detachment, flatness Schizotypal Personality Disorder a personality disorder characterized by detachment from, and great discomfort in, social relationships; odd perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors Schizotypal Personality Disorder Criteria At least 5 of the following Inappropriate "ideas of reference" Excessive social anxiety - paranoid, not novelty-related Odd beliefs or claiming magical powers Odd perceptions - "tasting purple" Odd speech,thinking - see Box 9-1 Paranoid ideas/suspicions Odd/Eccentric behavior/appearance No close friends/confidants - or only one Inappropriate, constricted affect - cold, aloof Cluster B Histrionic, Narcissistic, Borderline, Antisocial Histrionic Personality Disorder excessive emotionality, need for attention Histrionic Personality Disorder Criteria At least 5 of the following Rapidly shifting, shallow emotional expression Focus on physical attractiveness Inappropriate sexual seductiveness Irritated when not center of attention Non-specific, exaggerated spoken content Great frustration over undesired outcomes Perceive greater intimacy than actually present in relationships Exaggerated emotional expression Narcissistic Personality Disorder characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration Narcissistic Personality Disorder Criteria At least 5 of the following Grandiose sense of self-importance Focus on "unlimited" potential for successes Sense that only other great people can truly value one Need for excessive admiration, attention Sense of entitlement, expects to be favored. Exploits others Lack of empathy for others Envious of others or believes others are envious Arrogant, haughty Borderline Personality Disorder a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria At least 5 of the following: frantic efforts to avoid abandonment unstable and intense interpersonal relationships identity disturbance impulsivity in areas that are self-damaging recurrent suicidal behavior or gestures affective instability / marked reactivity of mood chronic feelings of emptiness inappropriate, intense anger transient, stress-related paranoid ideation Antisocial Personality Disorder a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist Antisocial Personality Disorder Criteria At least 3 of the following: failure to conform to social norms (re laws) deceitfulness Impulsiveness (sex, risk-taking, substance use) irritability and aggressiveness (e.g., fights) reckless disregard for safety of self or others consistent irresponsibility (e.g., failure to work) lack of remorse plus evidence of conduct disorder before age 15 Cluster C Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive Avoidant Personality Disorder social inhibitions, feelings of inadequacy Avoidant Personality Disorder Criteria At least 4 of the following: Anticipates/worries about rejection, criticism. Few friends, but desires friendships. Relationships attempted only when sure of acceptance. Avoids activities with high levels of social contact. Avoids deepening of relationships (embarrassment fear). Negative self-perceptions  low self-worth. Avoids new situations/activities (embarrassment fear). Dependent Personality Disorder personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone Dependent Personality Disorder Criteria At least 5 of the following: Recruits excessive advice/assurance from others for everyday decisions (ex: clothing). Allows others to make important decisions for them. Great difficulty disagreeing with others. Difficulty with independent activities - doubts personal ability/judgment. Excessive efforts to gain nurturance/support. Feels uncomfortable when alone - doubts self-care abilities. Jumps quickly into a new relationship following a relationship's end (nurturance/support seeking). Focuses often on fear of being left alone Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder personality disorder defined by a pervasive pattern of orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control. workaholics, intolerant of emotional behavior of other people. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder Criteria At least 4 of the following: Perfectionism that intrudes on task completion. Focus on rules, lists, schedules: "shoulds" & "oughts". Avoids delegating tasks unless activities remains under their control. Extreme devotion to work/productivity. Overconscientious/inflexible about morals/ethics. Miserliness  saves for future disasters Collects seemingly worthless objects Generally stubborn or rigid behavior OCPD vs OCD OCPD: 1) No report of intrusive obsessions at the conscious level. 2) No irrational rituals  behaviors remain under person's control or influence. 3) Greater involvement of indecisiveness due to fear of failure or being in error. Which PD seems closely related to Schizophrenia? Schizotypal disorder Child Disorder Risk Factors Parent psychopathology Parental or Familial Conflict Divorce Low Socioeconomic status (SES) Temperament Withdrawn, poor social skills Stress/Trauma Child Abuse/Neglect Child Disorder Protective Factors Intelligence Physical Attractiveness Temperament Social, engaging 1 or more Supportive Parent or Adult Externalizing Disorder characterized by outword behaviors. noncompliance, aggressiveness, over activity adhd, more common in boys Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) Pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance. Conduct disorder (CD) persistent violation of societal norms and the rights of others Internalizing Disorder withdrawn, lonely, depressed, and anxious Separation Anxiety Disorder Excessive, enduring fear in some children that harm will come to them or their parents while they are apart Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Depression: what does it look like in childhood? Mood Disorder Long Term Disorder Conditions that are apparent early that affect all major developmental systems (social, cognitive, and language) Autism a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind Autism 3 Main Symptoms Social Interactions Communication Behavior Autism Treatment Behavioral: Increase skills, reduce problem behaviors; Learning: take into account cognitive strengths and weaknesses Medications: treat hyperactivity, self-harm behaviors Parent Training: to help apply behavioral training at home. Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound Mental Retardation IQ Levels Mild= 50-55 to 70 Moderate= 35-40 to 50-55 Severe= 20-25 to 35-40 Profound= below 20 or 25 Mild Retardation A level of mental retardation (IQ between 50 and 70) at which people can benefit from education and can support themselves as adults. Moderate Retardation A level of mental retardation (IQ between 35 and 49) at which people can learn to care for themselves and can benefit from vocational training. Severe Retardation A level of mental retardation (IQ between 20 and 34) at which individuals require careful supervision and can learn to perform basic work in structured and sheltered setting. Profound Retardation A level of mental retardation (IQ below 20) at which individuals need a very structured environment with close supervision. Mental Retardation Causes dominant genes, genetic mutation, chromosomal abnormalities, fetal environment, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking Anoxia lack of oxygen Cretinism low iodine