Endocrinology
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118 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 endocrinology | the study of endocrine glands, the hormones they produce and the effects of these hormones |
| endocrine gland | a ductless gland that releases a hormone directly into the blood |
| exocrine gland | a duct gland that releases a hormone or hormones |
| Ernest Starling | 1905 coined the term hormone from the greek word to arouse or excite |
| Hormone | chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands or cells where they affect the activity of these cells |
| discovery of hormones | chinese discovered goiters due to enlarged thyroid gland, suggested seaweed to help iodine levels |
| Hippocrates | came up with the idea that humans illness could be caused by an imbalance of the 4 humors |
| Aristotle | recognized that if you remove the testis from male animals they do not develop the same way as normals |
| Berthold's experiment | effects of castration and testis replacement found that male roosters did not develop secondary sexual traits |
| Brown-Sequard | self-administered aqueous extract of dog and guinea pig testies |
| bayliss and starling | discovered the first hormone, secretin, done with dogs, cutting the nervous system to the stomach to prevent any interaction then placed acid in the stomach and saw hormone projection from the pancreas |
| Von Mering and Minkowiski | removed pancreas from dogs and noted excess sugar in urine and blood, blood glucose levels rose past absorption rates in kidneys and lead to a high level of sugar in blood |
| Banting and Best | isolated extract of insulin from dog pancreas and was able to treat diabetes mellitus 1 with pancreantic islet extract |
| diabeties | run though |
| mellitus | sweet |
| earl sutherland | discovery of the second messenger cAMP |
| Guillemin and Schally | discovered hypothalamic neurohormones that regulate anterior pituitary gland thyrotopin releasing hormone TRH, suggested a link between hormones and light |
| rosalyn yallow | developed a method of measuring small amounts of hormones radioimmunoassays |
| bernard | living organizms have an internal state that has to be kept in balance |
| cannon | coined the term homeostasis |
| negative vs positive feedback | negative feedback is far more important |
| calcitonin | helps to regulate calcium if there is to much in the system made by perafolicular cells in pancreaus |
| parathormone | helps to regulate calcium if there is not enough in a system |
| neurohormones | chemical messengers produced by neurosecretory neurons that are transported via the blood to garget cells |
| neurosecreory neurons | specialized neurons that carry action potentials and release neurohormones |
| neuromodulators | chemical messengers that stimulate or inhibit responses of neurons to neurotransmitters |
| peptide=growth stimulating factors | peptides that stimulate cell division |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers produced by nerve cells, which are released from the pre-synaptic membrane, diffuse across a synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors of the postsynaptic membrane of a nerve or muscle cell |
| common neurotransmitters | acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin |
| semiochemicals | chemical messengers that carry information to other animals |
| pheromones | affects conspecifics, intra-specific effects |
| allelomones | affect other species, inter-specific effects |
| releaser pheromones | rapid effects |
| primer pheromones | long term developmental effects |
| allomone | emiter benefits |
| kariomone | recipient benefits |
| chemical messengers | any substance produced by a cell of endogenous or exogeneous origin that affects the physiological activity of another cell |
| polypeptide hormones | hormones consisting of amino acids that are joined by peptide bonds, may be stored prior to release, released phasicly, transported free in blood |
| insulin | a two chained polypeptide hormone |
| thyrotropin releasing hormone | single chain polypeptide hormone with 3 amino acids |
| human growth hormone | single chain polypeptide hormone with 191 amino acids |
| oxytocin | single chain with a ring |
| androgen | steroids with masculinizing effects |
| estrogens | steroids with feminizing effects |
| glucocorticoids | steroid that effect carbohydrate metabolism |
| steroid and thyroid hormones | transported in blood bound to plasma proteins |
| equilibrium between bounded hormones, free hormones and plasma proteins | k=[HP]/[H][P] |
| half-life of hormones in blood | time required for half of molecules to be inactivated or cleared from circulation (t1/2) |
| catecholamine hormones | deactivated by monoamine oxidase (MOA) and/or catecholamine-o-methyl transferase (COMT) |
| steroid hormones | sulfation and glucornoide formation makes these soluable in water to get out of system |
| permissive effect | one hormone must be present for another hormone to act (thyroxine required for GH induced brain growth) |
| synergistic effect | effect of two or more hormones acting together greater than sum of their individual effects |
| human endocrine glands | most endocrine glands secrete more than one hormone, placenta is a transient endocrine gland in females, thymus gland atrophies prior to puberty in both sexes |
| hormone receptors | high specificity, hight affinty (low Kd), hormone binding to receptor initiates biological activity |
| homospecific up regulation | prolactin increases prolactin receptors |
| homospecific down regulation | insulin decreases insulin receptors |
| heterospecific up regulation | estradiol increases progesterone receptors |
| heterospecific down regulation | thyroxine decreases thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors |
| G-protein- coupled receptors GPCRs | largest class, bind polypeptide hormones, neurotransmitters, rhodopsins, odorant molecules, single chain of 7 hydrophobic transmembrane domains separated by hydrophilic segments, receptor when bound to hormone couples to G proteins |
| G proteins | bind guanine nucleotides, guanosine diphosphate (GDP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), heterotrimers, alpha subunit type determines whether stimulator or inhibitory effects |
| activation G protein signal transduction pathway | alpha-GTP activates enzymes, opens ion channels, activation of enzymes and opening of ion channels generates second messengers, pertussis toxin inhibits on reaction only for Gi |
| deactivation of G protein signal transduction pathway | alpha-GTP termed a GTP-switch protein because of its intrinsic GRPase activity, cholera toxin inhibits off reaction |
| membrane receptors with intrinsic enzymatic activity | receptors with tyrosine kinase activity (RTK), receptors with guanlate cyclase activty, not 7-transmembrane receptors, do not associate with G proteins |
| receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) | tyrosine kinase part of receptor, hormone binding to receptor activates tyrosine kinase, receptor for insulin and epidermal growth factor |
| receptor with guanylate cyclase activty | guanylate cyclase part of receptor, receptor for atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) |
| receptor with guanylate cyclase activity | guanylate cyclase part of receptor, receptor for atrial natriuretic factor ANF |
| tyrosine kinase-associate receptor | tyrosine kinase not part of receptor instead non covalent associated, hormone binding causes formation of dimeric receptor that activates tyrosine kinase in cytoplasm, receptor for GH, prolactin, erythropoietin, cytokines such as interferons |
| cyclin adenosine monophosphate cAMP second messenger | hormone-receptor binding increases adenylate cyclase activity, adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP second messenger, cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase PKA, PKA phosphorylates proteins |
| deactivation of cAMP second messenger | cyclin AMP phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to inactive AMP, phosphodiesterase inhibited by methyl xanthines |
| cyclic guanosine monophosphate cGMP 2nd messenger | transmembrane form as well as soluble form of gyanylate cyclase, cGMP inactivated by cGMP phosphodiesterase |
| calmodulin | cellular calcium receptor in all eukaryotic cells, four ca2+ binding sites, structurally similar to troponin c, biologically activated when calcium binds to at least three of the four calcium binding sites, activates Ca2+ calmoduline-dependent kinase, stimulates ATPase that pumps Ca2+ out of cells or into storage depots (mitochondria and smooth ER), activates myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscle |
| Cyclooxygenase1 inhibitors | basal, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), aspirin, ibuprofin, indomethacin |
| COX2 inhibitors | induced, selective inhibitors (COXIBS), celebrex, vioxx |
| COX3 | brain, tylenol |
| 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors | singulair, treatment of asthma and allergies |
| prostaglandins | affect smooth muscle activity, increased PGF2alpha: contractions, increased PGE2: relaxation |
| prostacyclins | inhibit blood platelet aggregation, syntesized by endothelial cells of blood vessels, travel to platelets and decrease free Ca2+ |
| thromboxanes | stimulate blood platelet aggregation, synthesized by blood platelets, clotting stimuli such as thrombin stimulate synthesis, increase free Ca2+ and change platelet shape |
| leukotrines | increase smooth-muscle contraction, blood vessel permeability, and mucosus secretion in airways, synthesized and released by leukocytes, components of inflamatory response |
| labor | increased PGF2 alpha, associated with onset, PG inhibitors help prevent premature labor, increased PGF2 alpha decreased bleeding from umbilical cord |
| abortion | intrauterin devises increase PGF2 alpha |
| dysmenorrhea | painful menstrual crams, excess PGF2 alpha synthesis, treat with PG synthesis inhibitors |
| ductus arteriosus | closes at birth in part because of decreased PG exposure, PG inhibitors used to close duct in premature infants |
| blood clots | to much thromboxane and or to little prostacyclin increases tendency of blood to clot, asprinin is an effective treatment because thromboxane synthesis inhibited more than prostacyclin synthesis |
| inflammation of arteries | excess leukotrines synthesis causes inflammatory response in arterial wall, treat with leukotrine synthesis inhibitors |
| stomach ulcers | PG required for normal mucus production, PG treatment to health stomach ulcers |
| asthma and allergies | leukotrines case contraction of small airway passages in lungs, singulair to treat asthma and allergies |
| intracellular receptors class 1 | receptors of steroid hormones, located in cytoplasm or nucleus, associated with heat shock proteins HSPs when not bound to ligand, when bound to hormone form homodimers that bind to hormone response elements HRSs |
| extripation and replacement | classic method removal and replacement |
| ectopic site | site other than normal site |
| monoclonal antibodies | antibodies produced from hybridomas |
| hybridomas | formed by cellular fusion of a beta lymphocyte and a myeloma, large amounts of specific antibodies obtained from hybridomas |
| chemical ablation | use of chemicals or drugs to destroy endocrine function, alloxan or streptozotocin to destroy beta cells o islets of langerhands |
| hematoxylin | basic dye, interacts with acidic cellular components |
| eosin | acidic dye, interacts with basic cellular components |
| bioassays | study of hormonal action in living systems |
| pigeon crop assays for prolactin | epithelial cell height positively correlated with PRL levels, determine PRL levels using dose-response curve |
| friedman test | rabbit test for human chronic gonadotropin (hCG), urine from women suspected for being pregnant injected into female rabbit, if woman is pregnant, hCG stimulates rabbit ovaries to form corpora lutca, antibody test for hCG now used |
| toad bladder/frog skin response to arginine vasopressin (AVP) | use to study mechanism of action of AVP on movement of water across membranes |
| agonists | mimic action of hormones, diethylstilbestrol (DES), an estradiol (E) agonist |
| antagonists | inhibit action of hormones, tamoxifen, and E antagonist in breat tissue |
| autoradiography | method that uses radioactive labeling to determine anatomical location of hormones |
| immunocytochemistry | antibody-based procedure for visualizing location of substance, antibody to substance of interest conjugated to a fluorescent dye or enzyme |
| C-fos gene | expression in hippocampus an immediate early gene |
| c-fos protein | a transcription factor expression in hippocampus |
| insulin | lowers concentration of glucose in blood |
| glucagon | raises the concentration of glucose in the blood |
| radioimmunoassay | curves are inverse, the higher the viral count the lower the testosterone levels |
| enzyme immunoassay | quantitative measurement of hormones, hormone labeled with enzyme rather than radioactive isotope |
| spectrophotomer | used to measure bound labeled hormone as indicated by color change caused by enzyme reacting with added substrate |
| hybridization | annealing or paring of complementary strands of nucleic acid |
| blot test | determine whether particular nucleic acid or protein present, tissue homogenized and cells lysed with detergent homogenate placed on introcellulose filter, filter incubated with labeled complementary nucleic acid or protein antibody |
| in situ hybridization | percise cellular location of RNA or DNA of interest, hybridization of labeled probe occurs within cell |
| antisense oligonucleotides | a method to inactivate specific mRNAs |
| morpholino oligos | a synthetic form of antisense oligonucleotides |
| RNA interference (post transcriptional gene silencing) | injection of double stranded RNA to silence specific genes by interfering with their mRNA, dsRNA digested by enzyme to small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) |
| vertebrate transgenic animals | gene introduction from one species to another, rat GH gene transferred to mice |
| knockout gene method | disruption of natural occurring gene |
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