1.
anal: 18-36months, pleasure focuses on bowel/bladder elminination; coping w/demands for control
2.
Bandura...: -what we think about our situations affects our behavior
-how we and environment interact
3.
Big Five Factors: -Conscientiousness
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism
-Openness
-Extraversion
4.
collective unconsciousness: Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory tracing from our species history
5.
defense mechanisms: in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
6.
displacement: defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
7.
ego: largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality. The ___ operates on the REALITY PRINCIPLE, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realisitcally bring pleasure rather than pain
-thoughts, memories, judgements
8.
empirically derived: a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selection those that discriminate between groups
9.
external locus of control: the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
10.
Eysenck Personality questionaire: extraversion-introversion, emotional stability-instability
11.
factor analysis: statistical procedure to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence
12.
fixation: according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were not resolved.
13.
free association: in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
14.
frontal lobe...: area involved in behavior inhibition = less active in extraverts than introverts
15.
genital: puberty-on, maturation of sexual interests
16.
Hazel Markus...: possible selves, visions of self you dream of becoming, the self you fear becoming
17.
id: contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and agressive drives. The __ operates on the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE, demanding immediate gratification
18.
identification: the process by whih, accorind to Freud, children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos
19.
internal locus of control: perception that one controls one's own fate
20.
latency: 6-puberty, dormant sexual feelings
21.
learned helplessness: the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
-more control felt = better health, morale
22.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI: the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes
23.
oedipus complex: according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealous and hatred for the rival father (girls = electra complex)
24.
oral: 0-18months, pleasure centers int he mouth, sucking, biting, chewing
25.
personal control: our sense of controlling our environment rather than feelings helpless
26.
personality: an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
27.
personality inventory: a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
28.
phallic: 3-6 years, pleasure zone is the gentials; coping with incestrous sexual feeligns
29.
positive psychology: the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and their communities to thrive (Martin E.P. Seligman)
30.
projection: a psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise thier own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
31.
projective tests: a personality test, such as the Rorschah or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
32.
psychoanalysis: Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking the expose and interpret unconscious tensions
33.
psychosexual stages: the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
34.
rationalization: defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explainations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions
35.
reaction formation: defense mechanism by wich the ego unconsciously swtiches acceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
36.
reciprocal determinism: the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
-different people choose different environments
-choose environment, environment shapes you
-our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events
-our personalities help create situations to which we react
37.
regression: defense mechanism in which an individual w/anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated
38.
repression: the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
39.
Rorschach ink blot test: the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing thier interpretation of the blots
40.
self actualization: according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; motivation to fulfuill one's potential
41.
self-concept: all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "who am i?"
42.
self-esteem: one's feeligns of high or low self worth
-accept oneself = can accept others better
43.
self-serving bias: a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
44.
social-cognitive perspective: views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and thier thinking) and their social context
45.
spotlight effect: overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders ( as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
46.
superego: part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (conscience) and for future aspirations
-age 4 or 5
-how one "ought to" behave
47.
terror-management theory: proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death
48.
thematic apperception test TAT: a projective test designed by Henry Murray in which people express thier inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
49.
trait: a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
50.
tyranny of choice: info overload and greater likelihood that we will feel regreat over some unchosen option
51.
unconditional positive regard: according to Roger's, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
52.
unconscious: according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
