Orni def Final Exam
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 syrinx | structure of the trachea that produces birds' songs |
| critical period | •10-50 days after hatch •listen, memorize & learn |
| motor learning phase | •150 days post hatch •Practice what was memorized •Muted "subsong" |
| repertoire | sing rich & varied songs |
| dialect | Within species variation; regional & localized differences in song |
| high vocal center | Song is perceived & controlled by... |
| pipping | when the egg breaks, can be internally or externally |
| starring | when the external egg begins to crack |
| clutch size | number of eggs laid by a single female in a reproductive attempt (nest) |
| blastodisc | the embryo-forming portion of an egg with discoidal cleavage on the upper surface of the yolk mass |
| medullary bone | appears to serve as a readily available store of calcium for the calcification of the egg shell |
| cloaca | common opening of digestive, excretory & reproductive systems |
| seminal vesicle | secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen |
| amnion | innermost membrane that encloses the embryo |
| chorion | outermost membrane surrounding (protecting) the embryo |
| allantois | fetal membrane formed as an outgrowth of the embryo's gut. It helps the embryo handle liquid waste |
| determinate layer | fixed number of eggs |
| indeterminate layer | variable number of eggs |
| endogenous layer | also known as capital breeders |
| exogenous layer | also known as income breeder |
| endogenous layer | rely on the energy reserved (stored) to form eggs |
| exogenous layer | rely on available food to form eggs |
| nidifugous | chick leaving the nest shortly after hatching |
| nidicolous | chick remaining in the nest for a time after hatching |
| altricial | hatched in an undeveloped state requiring care and feeding of parents |
| precocial | hatched in an advanced state and able to feed itself almost immediately |
| productivity | the quality of being productive and raise juveniles |
| fecundity | physiological ability to be able to have chicks |
| fertility | rate at which females actually have chicks |
| survivorship | state or condition of being a survivor (yearly survival determine by banding) |
| longevity | having a long life |
| dispersal | process of distributing in an area |
| philopatry | behaviour of remaining in, or returning to, an individual's birthplace |
| vital rates | how fast productivity and survivorship change in a population |
| MAPS | monitoring avian productivity and survivorship |
| character displacement | variation of a specific character in a species |
| checkerboard distribution | presence of a closely species A in one place that is absent in another place where species B is present and viceversa |
| eco-morphology | variation of in the species morphology based on ecological pressure. i.e: food resource |
| ghost of competition | patterns that we see today may result from competition in the past. untestable hypothesis or explanation |
| niche segregation | changes in the niche of a species when an ecologically similar species is absent or present |
| ecological release | alters foraging location in presence of other closely related species that are behaviorally dominant. i.e: Willow Tit behavior |
| community | multiple species that interact and compete for resources and habitat |
| guild | subset of species that use resources similarly |
| area sensitive species | landbirds. require large, unfragmented areas |
| cursorial | may have been adapted for running to improve hunting by improving leaps (jumping) and maneuverability |
| arboreal | higher velocities and cover greater distances during the gliding phase from tree to tree |
| basic | plumage acquired briefly prior to molting into colorful feathers |
| induced drag | drag minimized by the high aspect ratio of procellariids that soar dynamically over the world's oceans |
| molt | the process of feather growth that results in replacement of one plumage with another |
| fovea | the area of the retina where high densities of cones occur, which is associated with the high visual acuity |
| carotenoids | pigment type that produces red, orange or yellow coloration in the feather of male house finches |
| camber | shape of a bird's wing that creates differences in static and dynamic pressure over the dorsal and ventral surface |
| vector | directionally assumed by juvenile white-crowned sparrows undertaking their first autumn migration |
| interference | structural phenomenon that produces an iridescent gorget of male Anna's hummingbird |
| migration | seasonal, round-trip movement of individuals between breeding and wintering areas |
| scattering | structural color that produces the blue of the steller's jay |
| irruptive | irregular seasonal occurrence of birds outside normal range |
| zugunruhe | German word describing migratory behavior of captive blackcaps, which includes wing-whirring and a directionality that is appropriate for the season |
| slope soaring | used by raptors during fall migration along the Appalachians in which upward deflected winds are created by a high pressure system moving out of Canada |
| bernoulli's law | principle describing differences in static and dynamic on the dorsal and ventral surface of the wing that generates lift |
| breeding bird survey | program for monitoring bird populations that |
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