Sol Review-World History II Hon
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hcps-redzicm on April 18, 2012
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economies/environment
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167 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Jesus | Christianity, the son of God, teachings and life are in the New Testament (in the Bible) |
| Torah | Sacred text of Judaism, Hebrews were followers, monotheism, 10 commandments lay out rules ofr conduct |
| Muhammad | Prophet of Islam, Monotheism, Koran is the holy book, Mecca and Medina are the holy sites |
| Five Pillars | 5 main pillars: profession of faith, fast during the month of Ramadan, Go on a Haj to Mecca, Alms to the poor, pray 5 times a day. |
| Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddhism |
| Four Noble Truths | 1. main belief of Buddhism 2. Life is suffering 3. Follow Eightfold path to end suffering |
| Eightfold Path | follow to reach nirvana in Buddhism |
| Caste System | strict division of classes in Hinduism. Outlawed in India today |
| Reincarnation | Hinduism, belief that your soul be be reborn based on your karma. Karma-future reincarnation based on your present behavior. |
| Renaissance | Means rebirth of Ancient Greek and Rome philosophies. Spread from Italy to Northern Europe |
| Michelangelo | Renaissance painter. Painted Sistine Chapel ceiling. Sculpted the David. |
| Leonardo de Vinci | Ultimate Renaissance Man. Painted the Last Supper. Painted the Mona Lisa. |
| Shakespeare | Wrote plays and sonnets during the Renaissance. |
| Humanism | Revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture. Celebrate the human beings potential. Erasmus: the father of humanism (according to the SOL) |
| Erasmus | A humanist. Wrote In Praise of Folly. |
| Reformation | Attempts to reofrm the Catholic Church. Eventually break away and followers are called Protestants. |
| Martin Luther | salvation by faith alone. Importance of the Bible (translated into vernacular), founder of Protestants. |
| 95 Theses | Martin Luther's main ideas. Starts the reformation. |
| John Calvin | Faith revealed by leading a righteous life. Expansion of protestant movement. followers were called calvinists, Huguenots in France. |
| Predestination | John calvin's main idea. God has pre-determined everything including heaven/hell. |
| Henry VIII | English King. Became leader of the Anglican Church in England. Wanted a divorce so broke with Rome. Made all church property his. |
| Queen Elizabeth I | Tolerance for dissenters, head of Anglican church. Victory over Spanish Armada (1588). Expansion and colonization. |
| Reformation in Germany | Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of Pope. Hapsburg family remained loyal to Catholic Church. Conflict led to 30 years war. |
| Reformation in France | Catholic king gave Protestants freedom to Worship- Edict of Nantes. Cardinal Richelieu changes focus of 30 years war from religious to political |
| Thirty Years War | devestating war between protestants amd Catholics. Germany (Holy Roman Empire), France. |
| Anglican Church | Protestant church in England. Led by Elizabeth 1 and started by her father, Henry VIII. |
| Huguenots | French protestants. Followersof John Calvin |
| Edict of Nantes | Allowed French Protestants called Huguenots to practice their religion. A sense of freedom of Religion. Revoked. |
| Catholic Counter Reformation | An attempt of the Catholic church to reform. use of the inquisition. Council of Trent-reaffirms practices and doctrine. |
| Society of Jesus (Jesuits) | founded during the Catholic Counter Reformation. Used to spread Catholicism around the world |
| Gutenberg Printing Press | Used to spread ideas of the reformation and the Renasissance. First document printed was the bible. Led to the growth of literacy (people knowing how to read) |
| Factors leading to exploration | Demand for goods/spices/natural resources. spread of christianity, political/economic competition in Europe. Innovations in navigation (Europe and Muslim) Prince Henry the Navigator. |
| Vasco de Gama | Portugugal. Rounded the Cape of Good Hope in africa and arrival in india. |
| Christopher columbus | Spain. "Found the new world" |
| Hernando Cortez | Spain. Conquered the Aztecs. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Spain. First to circumnavigate the Globe. |
| Francisco Pizzarro | Spain. Conquered the Inca in South America. |
| Francis Drake | England. First man to survive circum-navigating the globe. |
| Jacques Cartier | French. Explored Canada. |
| Prince henry the Navigator | Founded a school to teach navigation |
| Spread/diffusion of christianity | migration of colonists/influenece of colonists who brought faith language, culture to the new world. Conversion of native peoples. |
| Impact of Discovery on Americas | End of Aztecs and Incas. European emigration and dictatorial rule in Lat. Am. Colonies imitate culture/social patterns of parent countries. Forced migration of enslaved Africans. |
| Impact of Discovery on Africa | European trading posts on coasts. Slaves, gold, and resources. |
| Impact of Discovery on Asia | Colonization by small groups of merchants. Influence of trading companies. |
| Trading Companies | Founded by the British, Dutch, and French. Were in India, the Indies, and in China. |
| Columbian Exchange | An exchange of products and resources between the eastern and western hemispheres. Corn (maize), Potatoes, and Tobacco were introduced to Europe. European horses and cattle were introduced to the Americas. Also-diseases!! |
| Impact of Columbian Exchange | Shortage of labor led to use of slaves (based on race). European plantation system in Caribbean/Americas destroyed native economies/environments. |
| Triangle Trade | Linked Europe, Africa, and America. Slaves, sugar, and rum. Gold and silver exported to Europe and Asia. Spains's economy collapses after importing so much gold/silver |
| China | creation of spheres of influence by foreign powers for trade/resources. Increase in European demandfor goods [tea and porcelain]. |
| Shogun | Japan. Military leader who controlled a powerless Emperor. |
| Isolationism | Policy of a country to limit foreign influences. Japan uses this. |
| Ottoman Empire | In central Asia expands to Asia, Balkans, North Africa. Capital-Itanbul (Constantinople). Islamic religion, accepts other religions. Coffee and ceramics |
| Mughal Empire | North India. Islam. Taj Mahal. Establishment of trading posts by Europeans, textiles imported to GB. S. India traded silk/spices/gems |
| Taj Mahal | Built by the Mughals in India. |
| Mercantilism | An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers. Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country. |
| Commercial Revolution | overseas trade. new banking and money systems. use of mercantalism. |
| Nicolas Copernicus | Heliocentric theory. |
| Johannes Kepler | discovered planets move in eliptical orbits. the laws of planetary movements |
| Galileo | telescope used to prove the heliocentric theory. |
| Isaac Newton | discovered the laws of gravity. |
| William Harvey | Discovered the circulation of blood. |
| Scientific Revolution | Expanded scientific knowledge. Development of the scientific method. Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature |
| Divine Right | Absolute monarchs believed God chose them |
| Louis XIV | France. Palace of Versailles-symbol of royal power. |
| Frederick the Great | Prussia. Military power. |
| Peter the Great | Russia. Westernization of Russia. St. Petersburg. |
| Charles I | English king who was beheaded. Led to the English Civil War |
| Oliver Cromwell | Led England as lord and protector-not King. |
| Charles II | Restored to the British throne |
| Glorious Revolution | William and Mary take the throne. No bloodshed. Sign the English Bill of Rights in 1689. |
| English Bill of Rights | Reduced the power of the monarch. Increased the power of the Parliament |
| Enlightenment | Applied reason to the human world. Stimulated religious tolerance. Fueled the American and French Revolution. |
| Thomas Hobbes | Wrote the Leviathan. State must have central authority. |
| John Locke | Wrote Two Treatises on Government. Life, Liberty, and Property. Government gets its power from the consent of the people |
| Montesquieu | Wrote the Spirit of the Laws. Seperation of Powers. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Wrote the Social Contract. Government is a contract between rulers and the people. |
| Voltaire | Religious Toleration. Seperation of Church and State (the government). |
| Jefferson | Declaration of Independence used Enlightenment ideas. |
| US Constitution & Bill of Rights | Used enlightenment ideas. |
| Louis XVI | Monarch that was overthrown in the French Revolution. |
| Events of the French Revolution | Storming of the Bastille-started revolution. Reign of Terror. |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | Former slave who led Independence movement in Haiti. Defeated armies of Spain, France, and Britain. |
| Simon Bolivar | Led independence movement in South America. |
| Mexican Independence | Started by Father Miguel Hidalgo. |
| Colonial System in Latin America | Governments mirrored home governments. Catholic. Mining Economy. Cities as outposts for colonial power. Havana, Mexico City, Lima, etc). |
| Class Structure of Latin America | Viceroys/colonial officials. Creoles- Sons or daughters of the viceroys, born in the colony. Mestizos- the indigenous people. |
| Monroe Doctrine | US President Monroe 1823. Latin America independent. US would consider European interference in Latin America a threat to the US. |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | Music composer (baroque) |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Music composer |
| Eugene Delacroix | Painter. Liberty leading the People. |
| Miguel Cervantes | Wrote the first novel called Don Quixote. |
| Technology changes 16th-18th centuries | All-weather roads for better travel/trade all year. New farm tools increase productivity. Improvements in ship design lowers cost of transport. |
| Napolean | Leader of France. Built up the French Empire. Created the Napoleanic Code. Strong Nationalism!! |
| Congress of Vienna | "Balance of Power". Restoration of Monarchs. New poltical map of Europe, new political philosophies (liberalism, conservatism). |
| UK reform in 1800s | Avoided revolution by expanding political rights. Made slavery illegal in the British Empire. |
| Count Cavour | Unified northern Italy. |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Unified Southern Italy. |
| Otto von Bismarck | Unified Germany (Franco-Prussian war). Was a Realpolitik. |
| Realpolitik | Someone who justifies all means to achieve and hold power |
| Industrial Revolution | Began in England (resources) and invention of steam engine. Spread to US and Europe. Cotton textile, iron, steel. Rise of factory system, end of cottage industry. Need for control of materials/markets worldwide. |
| James Hargreaves | Spinning jenny. |
| James Watt | Steam Engine |
| Eli Whitney | Cotton Gin |
| Henry Bessemer | Process for making strong steel for iron ore. |
| Edward Jenner | Small-Pox vaccine. |
| Louis Pasteur | Discovered bacteria |
| Impacts of Industrial Revolution | Population increase, growth of middle class, standard of living increases for many. Improved transportation, education. Urbanization, pollution. Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions. |
| Adam Smith | Wrote Wealth of Nations. Capitalism!! |
| Capitalism | Market controlled economy. Can lead to dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and unequal distribution of wealth. |
| Karl Marx | Wrote Communist Manifesto and Das Capital (with Friedrich Engels). Communism. |
| Socialism/Communism | Response to injustices of capitalism. Importance of redistribution of wealth in communism. |
| Factory System | Replaced cottage industry. Men competed for jobs against women/children. |
| Impact of Industrial Revolution | Increased demand for slave labor-cotton gin. Britain and US outlaw slave trade then slavery. Women and children work for cheap. Reforms to end child labor, expand education, increase demand for women's suffrage. |
| Labor Unions | Encouraged strikes to demand wages and better working conditions. Lobby for laws to protect the worker. More rights for workers. |
| Imperialism | When a European nation took over a nation in Africa, Asia, or South America for Europe's benefit. Could be colonies, protectorates, or spheres of influence. |
| Imperialism in Africa/Asia | European domination, conflicts, missionary efforts. Suez canal, spheres of influence (China), East India Company, US opening Japan to trade. |
| Response of colonized peoples | Armed conflicts (boxer rebellion), rise of nationalism (Indian national congress). |
| Causes of WWI | Alliances, Nationalism, diplomatic failures, imperialism, militarism, and competition over colonies. |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Assasinated to begin WWI. |
| Woodrow Wilson | US President. 14 Points for Peace (League of Nations) |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | German ruler in World War I |
| Central Powers in WWI | Germany, Austro-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire. |
| Allied Powers in WWI | Russia, United States, Britain, and France. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Harsh treaty that ended WWI. Made Germany accept guilt for the war and pay huge reparations. |
| Causes of Russian Revolution | Defeat in Russo-Japanese War 1905, landless peasants, military defeats/casualties in WWI. |
| Bolshevik Revolution | When Vladimir Lenin and the Communists take over Russia |
| New Economic Policy | Lenin's idea to better Russia's economy. Incorporated some Capitalist beliefs. |
| Joseph Stalin | Brutal Totalitarian Dictator (Great Purge). 5-Year plans, used to boost economy. Collectivization of Farms. |
| League of Nations | Wilson's idea to help prevent future wars. US not a member. Did not have power to enforce decisions. |
| Mandate System | Britain and France would control areas in the Middle East. Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine (Israel). Division of Ottoman Empire sets stage for future conflict in Middle East. |
| World Wide Depression (1930s) | Causes: German reparations, excessive credit, stock market crash of 1929. Impacts: high unemployment, bank failures and collapse of credit/trade, and rise of Nazis |
| Nazi Party | In Germany. Led by Hitler. Blamed the Jewish people for all problems. |
| Adolf Hitler | Leader of Germany. Nazi. Wanted to expand Germany. |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascism. Restore the glory of Ancient Rome. Invaded Ethiopia. |
| Hirohito and Hideki Tojo | Militaristic in Japan. Expanded Japan into Manchuria, China, and Korea for materials. |
| Causes of WWII | Aggression (Italy, Germany, Japan) and Appeasement. Nationalism. Failure of Treaty of Versailles, weakness of League of Nations. |
| Major events of WWII | Germany invades Poland, Soviet Union. Fall of France, Battle of Britain, D-Day. Pearl Harbor, Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. |
| Pearl Harbor | Japanese attack. Makes USA enter the war. |
| D-Day | Allied invasion of France. |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | US president for most of World War II. |
| Harry Truman | US president after FDR. Decided to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. |
| Dwight d. Eisenhower | Allied commander in Europe, planned D-Day. |
| Douglas MacArthur | US general in the Pacific. Monitored the rebuilding of Japan. |
| George Marshall | US general, created plan for rebuilding Europe (Marshall Plan). |
| Winston Churchill | British Prime Minister. |
| Genocide | Systematic destruction of a political, religious, racial, or cultural group. Armenians, Great Purge under Stalin, Tutsi by Hutu in Rwanda, Pol Pot in Cambodia, and Slobodan Milosevic in Bosnia. |
| Holocaust | History of anti-Semitism in Europe, totalitarianism combined with nationalism. WWI and depression blamed on German Jews, Hitler's Master Race, final solution: concentration/death camps. |
| Marshall Plan | Economic Recovery Package for Europe. |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Capitalism and Democracy. |
| Warsaw Pact | Communism and Totalitariansim |
| Division of Germany | Germany divided between the Allies and the Soviets. East (Soviet controlled) and West (democratic) Germany. |
| Reconstruction of Japan | Occupied by US (MacArthur), reduction of military. Democracy, emergence as a dominant economy. |
| Containment | Policy for preventing the expansion of Communism |
| Chiang Kai-shek | Leader of Nationalist China. Fled to the Island of Taiwan. |
| Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) | Leader of Communist China. |
| Korean war | Divided at 37th parallel. N Korea (communist invaded S Korea. UN under Marshall intervenes. China helps N Korea. Stalemate. |
| Ho Chi Minh | Leader of communists in Vietnam |
| Vietnam | Vietnam divided. N Vietnam Communist under Ho Chi Minh. US involvement (ultimately failed). Vietnam a reunited communist country today. |
| End of Cold War | Tearing down of Berlin Wall in 1989. Soviet economic collapse, breakup of Soviet Union. Nationalism in Warsaw Pact Countries, expansion of NATO. |
| Mohandas Gandhi | Leader of Indian Independence movement. Civil disobediance and Passive resistance. |
| Indira Gandhi | Closer relationship between India and USSR during the Cold War. Developed nuclear program for India. |
| Indian Independence | Formerly ruled by Britain. Indian National Congress, Mohandes Gandhi (civil disobediance) Political divisions along Hindu-Muslim lines (Pakistan/India). |
| Republic of India | World's largest democracy, federal system of government. Jawaharlal Nehru - Western Style Industrialization, new econ development. 1950 constitution outlaws caste discrimination, ethnic and religious differences. |
| Kenyatta | Leader of Kenyan nationalist group. Became the leader of Kenya. |
| Nelson Mandela | Led struggle aganist apartheid. Became first black president of South Africa. |
| Golda Meir | Prime minister of Israel. Sought support of US. Led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War. |
| Gamal Abdul Nasser | President of Egypt. Nationalized Suez Canal, relationship with USSR. Aswan High Dam. |
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