| Term | Definition |
| Congress of Vienna followed the defeat of Napoleon | 1815 |
| Industrial Revolution began in England | 1750-1850 |
| Karl Marx argued for socialism as revolutions swept Europe | 1848 |
| Czar Alexander II freed the Russian serfs | 1861 |
| Nationalism: Italy and Germany unified into modern nations | 1860's |
| British Empire dominated the age of imperialism | 1870-1914 |
| Czar Nicholas II forced to set up the Duma | 1905 |
| World War I: the old monarchies swept away | 1914-1918 |
| Russian Revolution won by Lenin's Bolsheviks | 1917 |
| Treaty of Versailles ended WWI and helped cause WWII | 1919 |
| Great Depression weakened democracies and promoted dictators | 1930's |
| World War II destroyed Europe and let Russia expand | 1939-45 |
| Cold War: U.S. and Russia struggled to dominate world power | 1946-1990 |
| Prague Spring: Czech effort to throw off communism crushed | 1968 |
| Solidarity Movement in Poland overthrew communism | 1989 |
| Maastricht Treaty created European Union | 1991 |