chapter 12 vocab
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34 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 transformation | process in which ones strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria |
| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria |
| Nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| Base pairing | principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine |
| Chromatin | granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
| Histone | protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled around chromatin |
| Replication | copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
| Gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| Messenger RNA | RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell |
| Ribosomal RNA | tpes of RNA that makes up major part of ribosomes |
| Transfer RNA | type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| Transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in DNA |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription |
| Promoter | region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA |
| Intron | sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein |
| Exon | expressed sequence o DNA; codes for a protein |
| Codon | three nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid |
| Translation | decoding of a messenger RNA message into a polypeptide chain |
| Anticodons | group of three bases on a transfer RNA molecule that are complementary to an messenger RNA codon |
| Mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information |
| Point mutation | gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides |
| Framshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
| Polyploidy | condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes |
| Operon | group of genes operating together |
| Operator | region of chromosome in an operon to which the repression binds when the operon is "turned off" |
| Differentiation | process in which cells become specialized in structure and function |
| Hox gene | series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embyro |
| Expressed gene | series of genes that is transcribed into RNA |
| Promoters | binding sites for RNA polymerase |
| Start + stop signals | DNA sequences that tell when to start or stop transcription |
| Regulatory sites | where other proteins regulate transcription |
| tata box | a sequence that may help position RNA polymerase |
| Enhancer sequences | ways of how genes are regulated |
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