Sensation and Perception
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amnunziata on April 18, 2012
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Sensation and Perception Fernandez AP Psych
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 activation of our senses (eyes, ears, smell, taste, touch) | Sensation |
| sensory signals are transformed into neural impulses which travel to the thalamus (except smell) | Transduction |
| Decreasing responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation. | Sensory Adaptation |
| can only focus on one thing at a time. However, if sense carries meaning (such as hearing your name) then focuses changes. | Selective Attention (cocktail party effect) |
| Step one-gathering light Step 2 -Within Eye Step 3 - Transduction - light is transformed into neural impulses Step 4 In the Brain | Vision |
| discovered feature detectors- specific parts of the brain that detect form, shape, horizontal lines etc. | Hubel and Weisel |
| determines hue (color) | Wavelength |
| light enters eye | Cornea |
| like the shutter of a camera, the iris opens, closes based on how much light should enter it | Pupil |
| muscles that open and close the pupil to let more or less light in | Iris |
| this is curved to accommodate and focus | Lens |
| inverted image is projected | Retina |
| (night vision- black/white), | Rods |
| (color) | cones |
| light is transformed into neural impulses | Transduction |
| center of the retina, contains high concentration of cones | Fovea |
| brightness of objects | Intensity |
| 3 types of cones in retina blue, red, green = primary colors of light. | Trichromatic theory |
| red/green, yellow/blue, black/white pairs Explains color blindness (usually a red/green deficiency) and afterimages. (Stare at black, green, yellow flag) | Opponent Process theory |
| height of wave-loudness | amplitude |
| length of wave- think of how frequent a wave comes by. This determines pitch | frequency |
| sound waves from the right arrive in the right ear before the left. This is how we can tell the direction of a sound. Sounds coming from directly in front, above or behind us are more difficult to locate since the waves arrive at the same time | Sound Localization |
| ear canal, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup (middle ear), cochlea | Order in which sound waves travel through the ear |
| structure shaped like a snail's shell filled with fluid, this is where transduction occurs. | Cochlea |
| result of mechanical problem | Conductive Deafness |
| result of damage by loud noise- concerts etc. | Nerve Deafness |
| explains how we experience pain. Endorphins swing the gate open or shut and messages are sent to the brain. Pressure, Pain, warmth and cold= 4 sensations | Gate-control theory |
| taste buds located on papillae (bumps) The more densely packed, the stronger the taste. sweet, sour, salty and bitter. | Taste (Gustation) |
| what we taste is combination of both chemical systems | Smell (Olfactory) |
| tells us about how our body is positioned. Tubes from semicircular canals in the ear fill with liquid as body moves. (Explains Roller coaster nausea, dizziness.) | Vestibular Sense |
| where our body parts are (touching one's nose with fingers)- athletes | Kinesthetic Sense |
| smallest amount of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time (EX. See a candle flame 30 miles away). | Absolute threshold |
| stimulation below threshold. Does NOT change unwanted behavior | Subliminal |
| (JND- Just Noticeable difference) smallest amount of change in a stimulus that is detectable (EX. Detecting the difference in weight between 2 and 3 donuts but not 4 and 5 donuts. | Difference threshold |
| change needs to occur in proportion (EX. 10 pound weight gain by a 100 pound person is noticeable. You may need a 20 pound weight gain on a 200 pound person) | Weber's Law |
| when we have stimuli happening at the same time we tend to detect the one that is most important to us | Signal Detection Theory |
| Perception (higher level) we perceive things by filling in gaps often using background knowledge. | Top down processing |
| mental representation of how we perceive the world | Schemata |
| a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. | Perceptual set (expectancy set) |
| Sensation;use only the features of objects to perceive. | Bottom-up processing |
| part of visual image is the figure and part is the background (EX. Vase and two faces) | Figure ground illusion |
| objects closer perceived to be grouped | Proximity |
| objects similar in appearance are grouped | Similarity |
| objects with continuous form | Continuity |
| filling in gaps | Closure |
| seeing objects as connected if they meet | Connectedness |
| our ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes in angle, light, distance, etc. | Constancy |
| A series of lights turned on and off at a particular rate will appear to be one moving light. | Phi Phenomenon |
| experiment by Eleanor Gibson used to measure when an infant develops depth perception. (Using glass table) | Visual cliff |
| require only one eye for depth | Monocular cues |
| railroad tracks being drawn as in the distance | Linear perspective |
| larger = closer | Relative size |
| higher in field of vision = distant | Relative Height |
| more clarity = closer | Relative Clarity |
| objects blocking must be closer | Interposition |
| see details = closer | Texture gradient |
| looking at 3 dimensional objects requires both eyes for depth | Binocular Cues |
| each eye sees slightly different view of object | Retinal Disparity |
| as object gets closer to face, moves eyes towards one another | Convergence |
| Perceptual illusion dealing with which line is longer. Research found that humans not exposed to right angles/corners or do not see buildings in their cultures are not fooled by the illusion | Muller-Lyer illusion |
| Vision | Step one-gathering light Step 2 -Within Eye Step 3 - Transduction - light is transformed into neural impulses Step 4 In the Brain |
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