AP Psych Review Sheet #4
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Memory | the power of retaining and recalling past experience |
| Effortful Processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| Automatic Processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings |
| Flashbulb Memories | detailed memory for events surrounding a dramatic event that is vivid and remembered with confidence |
| Short-term Memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten |
| Long-Term Memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system |
| Repression | (psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious |
| Context effects | The tendency to recover info more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the same info (ex: college classrooms and testing, navy seals and underwater divers; too many clues can lead to deja vu |
| Misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| Source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |
| Retrograde amnesia | loss of memory for events immediately preceding a trauma |
| Anterograde amnesia | loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma |
| Mnemonic Devices | techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information |
| Spacing Effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| Serial Position Effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| Iconic Memories | momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no longer than a few tenths of a second |
| Echoic Memories | Sensory memory. brief continuation of the sound in the auditory system. lasts about 2 seconds. |
| Implicit Memories | are memories of skills, preferences and dispositions. These memories are evidently processed, not by the hippocampus, but by a more primitive part of the brain, the cerebellum. They are also called procedural or nondeclarative memories. |
| Explicit Memories | are memories of facts, including names, images and events. They are also called declarative memories. |
| Hippocampus | a complex neural structure (shaped like a sea horse) consisting of gray matter and located on the floor of each lateral ventricle |
| Cerebellum | a major division of the vertebrate brain |
| Long-term potentiation | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| Proactive Interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| Retroactive Interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| Forgetting Curve | founded by Hermann Ebbinghaus. displays retention of information and forgetting over time. conclusions to this were that most forgetting happens right after learning something. this was modified to that forgetting doesn't occur that quickly if the subject is memorizing more meaningful material |
| Concepts | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| Prototypes | a mental image or best example of a category |
| Algorithms | very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems |
| Heuristics | mental shortcuts that help us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world |
| Confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |
| Memory bias | the changing of memories over time in ways consistent with prior beliefs |
| Mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| Functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
| Framing | formulation of the plans and important details |
| Phonemes | smallest units of sound in the human language, like consonants or vowels |
| Morphemes | The smallest units of meaning in a language. |
| Grammar | studies of the formation of basic linguistic units |
| Semantics | the study of language meaning |
| Syntax | the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences |
| Stages of language development | Preproduction, Early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, and advanced fluency |
| Linguistic relativity | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
| Skinner | Worked with pigeons; founder of operant conditioning |
| Chomsky | challenged Skinner; said that children are biologically prepared to learn words and use grammar |
| Binet | French psychologist remembered for his studies of the intellectual development of children (1857-1911) |
| Terman | Created the Stanford-Binet intelligence test based on the Binet original, also did a longitudinal study of gifted children |
| Spearman | believed we have one general intelligence (g) and granted that people often have special abilities that stand out; developed factor analysis- a procedure that identifies clusters of related items |
| Sternberg | proposed the triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: compnential, experiential, and contextual |
| Gardiner | British historian remembered for his ten-volume history of England (1829-1902) |
| IQ | a measure of a person's intelligence as indicated by an intelligence test |
| Achievement test | a test designed to assess what a person has learned |
| Aptitude Test | a test designed to predict a person's future performance |
| WAIS | (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) Verbal & performance scores. Most widely used intelligence test today |
| WISC | An IQ test designed for school-age ochildren. The test assesses potential in many areas, including vocabulary, general knowledge, memory, and spatial comprehension |
| Special needs children | children who because of a mental or physical disability require extra help in order to learn |
| Factor Analysis | any of several methods for reducing correlational data to a smaller number of dimensions or factors |
| "G" Factor | A general ability, proposed by Spearman as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity |
| Sternberg's three intelligences | analytical, creative, practical |
| Gardiner's Multiple intelligence | proposed by Howard Gardner in 1983 as a model of intelligence that differentiates intelligence into various specific (primarily sensory) modalities[disambiguation needed ], rather than seeing it as dominated by a single general ability. |
| Emotional Intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions |
| Normal Curve | a symmetrical curve representing the normal distribution |
| Standard Deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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