AP Geo chapter 1-4
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jvanderveur15 on April 18, 2012
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173 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 place | location, direction and distance with respect to other places. |
| toponym | the name by which a geographical place is known |
| built landscape | represented by those features and patterns reflecting human occupation and use of natural resources |
| sequent occupance | the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape |
| location | a point or extent in space, refers to either absolution or relative |
| Site | refers to the physical or cultural characteristics that are around it, i.e. climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude and elevation |
| situation | is the location of a place relative to other places |
| cultural ecology | the geographic study of human to environment relationships |
| physical attributes(natural landscape) | physical characteristics refer to such natural aspects of a locale, as its climate and soil that are untouched by humans. |
| direction | is a second universal spatial concept |
| absolute direction | is based on cardinal points of North, South, East, and West |
| Relative direction | The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. |
| distance | a distant region |
| absolute distance | the physical distance between two points usually measured in miles or kilometers |
| relative distance | transforms those linear measurements into other units more meaningful for the space relationship in question |
| latitude | an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator |
| parallel | is a circle drawn around the globe |
| equator | an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles |
| longitude | an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator |
| time zones | a geographic region within which the same standard time is used. |
| prime meridian | the meridian of 0 degrees longitude which runs through the original site of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, and from which other longitudes are reckoned |
| greenwich mean time (GMT) | the mean solar time of the meridian of Greenwich used historically as the prime basis of standard time throughout the world |
| international Date line | an arbitrary line approximately along the 180th meridian designated as the place where each calendar day begins |
| cultural landscape | the visible expression of that human activity is. |
| formal/uniform | homogeneous region everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics |
| functional/nodal | area organized around a node or a focal point |
| vernacular/perceptual | is a place that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity |
| Environmental determinism | the thought that the culture and way of life is created by climate. |
| possibilism | the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment |
| scale | in relation to how big or small something is. |
| space | the physical gap or interval between two objects. |
| spatial interaction | a determination of how a certain place is connected to other places around it. |
| Accessibility: | the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place |
| Connectivity | the degree of economic, social, cultural or political connection between two places. |
| Network | points (vertices) joined by links. The links allow transfers between the points. |
| Distance decay | the negative correlation of distance to interaction between two points |
| friction of distance | the idea that distance hinders the interaction between places. |
| time-space compression | the idea that with increasing technology places and the time to get their will shrink over time |
| distribution | the distribution of one group of people to another region around the world. |
| density | the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area. |
| arithmetic density | the total number of people divided by the total land area. |
| physiological density | the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. |
| concentration | the spread of something over a given area. |
| pattern | the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area. |
| linear | arranged in or extending along a straight or nearly straight line |
| centralized | concentrate |
| random | without definite aim, direction, rule, or method |
| diffusion | the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. |
| hearth | the region from which innovative ideas originate. |
| relocation diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another. |
| expansion diffusion | the spread of ideas, innovations fashion or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange. |
| hierarchical diffusion | a type of diffusion In which something is transmitted between places because of something the two places have in common. |
| contagious diffusion | the spread of a disease, innovation or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place. |
| stimulus diffusion | the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected. |
| dispersion/concentration | is a statement of the amount of spread of a phenomenon over an area. |
| dispersed/scattered | in various random directions |
| clustered/agglomerated | collect or form into a mass or group / Paris is considered a romantic place, a bunch of couples cluster in that area. |
| maps | a two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it. |
| map scale | a much-reduced version of the real scale of the earth |
| size | physical magnitude, extent, or bulk: relative or proportionate dimensions |
| dot map | thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific obervations or occurances, |
| choropleth map | is a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map. |
| isoline map | connect points of equal value temperatue (same), height ( all be the same). |
| mental map | a person's point of view perception of their own world.ex. What someone thinks of a certain area, the own persons projection. |
| projection | is any method of representing the surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane. |
| distortion | change the form of something, |
| GIS | is a system of hardware and software used for storage retrieval, mapping and analysis of geographic data. |
| thematic map | a map specified on a specific theme. |
| Remote Sensing | is the small or large scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time sensing |
| GPS | is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time info. |
| Demography | the scientific study of population characteristics Ex. looking at maps of the world or regions and comparing and contrasting certain things. |
| Population Distributions | : arrangement of a feature in space |
| ecumene | the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement Ex. the obesity of adults in a specific region or country. |
| nonecumene | The uninhabited or uninhabitable area of the world. Ex. the Sahara desert is uninhabited area of the world. |
| arithmetic density | which is the total number of people divided by total land area. Ex. taking the population of great Britian and dividing it by the total land area and you will find the Arithmetic density. |
| physiological density | the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land |
| agricultural density | is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. |
| population explosion | increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state |
| overpopulation | the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life ata decent standard of living. |
| carrying capacity | The maximum number of individuals that a given environment can support without detrimental effects. |
| underpopulation | Lacking the normal or required population density. Ex. Russia is under populated because it's population has been decreasing and there are more immigrants that emigrate from Russia. |
| natality | the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year |
| Crude Birth Rate | is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. |
| Total Fertility Rate | to measure the number of births in a society, TFR is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (roughly 15-49 years of age). Replacement level fertility Ex. Vietnam's total fertility rate has decreased over the years. |
| Crude Death Rate | Is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society. |
| Mortality | the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year. |
| Infant Mortality Rate | is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births. |
| Life Expectancy | at birth measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels. |
| Incidence Rate | the relative frequency of occurrence of something |
| Marriage Rate | is the number of marriages per 1000 total population in a given year. |
| Family | definition of family varies by country. In Norway a single person is regarded as a family. Family is usually defined as a group of two or more persons residing together and related by birth |
| Cohort | statistic that measures events occurring to a cohort (a group of people sharing a common demographic experience). |
| Sex Ratio | the number of males per hundred females in the population |
| Age Dependency ratio | which is the number of people ho are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years. |
| Population Pyramid | age and gender groups on a bar graph called a population pyramid can display a country's population. |
| Rapid growth | is indicated by a pyramid with a large percentage of people in the younger ages. |
| slow growth | is reflected by a pyramid with a smaller proportion of the population in the younger ages. |
| zero growth/decreasing populations | a term often applied to stage 4 countries. When the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero. |
| population projection | the projected number of people to increase over a certain number of years. |
| natural increase rate | the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. |
| growth rate | Absolute or relative growth increase, expressed in units of time. |
| doubling time | the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. |
| population momentum | refers to the tendency of a population to continue to grow after replacement-level fertility has been achieved. |
| demographic equation | The formula that calculates population change. The increase (or decrease) in population is births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. |
| demographic momentum | The demographic transition model seeks to explain the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. |
| demographic transition model | comparison between crude birth rate and crude death rate |
| diffusion of fertility control | how frequently the number of children a woman can have spreads around thought-out cultures and places. |
| J-curve | a graph showing the rise or fall of a comparison of things |
| S-curve | showing fluctuations on a graph, showing the rise and fall of different comparisons. |
| malthusian theory & thomas malthus | Thomas Malthus talks about how we must be ready for struggling for existence in the future. |
| neo-malthusian | people who agree but to a more technological extent |
| epidemiological transition model | comparison of birth and death rate |
| standard of living | a grade or level of subsistence and comfort in everyday life enhoyed by a community, class or individual |
| sustainability | providing the best outcome for the future and present times for humans and natural environments. |
| spatial interaction | a determination of how a certain place is connected to other places around it. |
| distance decay | the closer you are to something the more associated you will become with it, the farther away the less. |
| gravity concept | everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things. |
| mobility | all types of movement is applied to all types of human territorial movement. |
| territoriality | the emotional attachment to and the defense of home ground. |
| personal space | the zone of privacy and separation from others our culture or our physical circumstances. |
| activity space | area within which we move freely on our rounds of regular activity. |
| migration | is the movement of people |
| emigration | people who move from their own country. |
| immigration | people who move to other country's for permanent residence. |
| net migration | is the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants. |
| push factor | a negative perception about a place that influences a person to move away. |
| pull factor | a positive perception about a place that influences in a person to move there |
| place utility | places that offer incentives to migrate to their areas such as tax breaks. |
| intervening obstacles | it forces individuals to halt and abort their migration plans due to some negative factor which can range from cultural to physical. |
| counter urbanization | permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to urban city area. |
| cyclic movement | the seasonal migration of livestock to areas where food is more available. |
| transhumance | is the movement of animals |
| step migration | of livestock to higher elevations during the summer to escape the heat of the valleys and to lower elevations during the winter to escape the severe cold of the mountains. |
| chain migration | when one family migrates to a new country and the rest of the family follows shortly after |
| forced migration | people who are forced out of their homes because of either political or environmental reasons. |
| voluntary migration | a person has a choose where he or she would like to live, it is there choice. |
| refugee | is a person forced to flee their homeland |
| quotas | the number or percentage of persons of a specified kind permitted to enroll in a college, join a club, immigrate to a country, etc. |
| brain drain | the emigration of highly skilled or qualified people from a country. |
| guest workers | the emigration of workers (less educated) from countries. |
| transmigration program | is the removal of people from one place and their relocation somewhere else within a country |
| culture | is the specialized behavioral patterns, understandings, adaptations, and social systems that summarize a group of people's learned way of life. |
| subculture | a social group within a national culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beliefs |
| culture identity | a connection people feel with one another |
| culture traits | are units of learned behavior ranging form the language spoken to the tools used or the games played. |
| culture complex | individual cultural traits that are functionally interrelated comprise a culture complex. |
| culture systems | may be recognized as a larger spatial reality and generalization. |
| culture regions | a portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics. |
| cultural realms | the term recognizes a large segment of the Earth's surface having an assumed fundamental uniformity in its cultural characteristics and showing a significant differences in them from adjacent realms. |
| globalization | which is a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide |
| ideological | characteristics of thinking of a group or nation |
| technological system | is composed of the material objects, together with the techniques of their use, by means of which people are able to live. The objects are the tools and other instruments that enable us to feed clothe, house, defend, transport and amuse ourselves. |
| sociological system | the sum of those expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations that find their outlet in economic, political, military, religious, kinship and other associations. |
| cultural ecology | the study of the relationship between a culture group and the natural environment it occupies. |
| cultural landscape | the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape |
| sequent occupancy | Area inhabited and transformed by a succession of cultural groups. |
| culture hearth | is used to describe such centers of innovation and intervention from which key culture traits and elements moved to exert an influence on surrounding regions. |
| cultural divergence | the restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences |
| cultural convergence | the sharing of technologies, organizational structures, and even cultural traits and artifacts that is so evident amoung widely sperated societies in a modern world united by instantaneous communication and efficient transportation. |
| assimilation | the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure |
| acculturation | the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture |
| culture lag | A period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions. |
| syncretism | the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy) |
| hierarchical expansion | spreads by trickling down from larger to smaller adopting units (i.e. a king to the citizens) |
| contagious expansion | distance-controlled spreading through the local population by contact from person to person |
| relocation | the transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind) |
| maladaptive diffusion | diffusion in which image takes precedence over practicality (ie. ranch style house) |
| adaptive strategies | group's system of economic production. In non-industrial societies, it is usually based on food production. |
| folk food | food that is tradtionally made by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture |
| folk songs | composed anonymously and transmitted orally. A song that is derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people; songs that tell a story or convey information about daily activities such as farming, life cycle events, or mysterious events such as strorms and earthquakes. |
| indigenous culture | a culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation. |
| survey systems | pattern of land division used in an area |
| traditional architecture | traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places |
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