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Michael Bakunin (1814-1876) Radical Russian, advocated revolutionary violence. He believed that revolutionary movements should be lead by secret societies who would seize power, destroy the state and create a new social order. Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) Englishman who developed the Bessemer converter, the first efficient method forthe mass production of steel Louis Blanc (1811-1882) Wrote the Organization of Work (1840) which proposed the use of competition to eliminate competition. It wasthe first step toward a future socialist society. Advocated the principle of "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs." Classical liberalism Middle class (bourgeois) doctrine indebted to the writings of the philosophes, the French Revolution, and the popularization of the Scientific Revolution. Its politi8cal goals were self government (concept ofthe general will); a written constitution; natural rights (speech, religion, press, property, mobility); limited suffrage; its economic goals were laissez-faire (free trade -- no government interference inthe workings of the economy). Dialectical materialism The idea, according to Karl Marx, that change and development in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways. Domestic system The manufacture of goods in the household setting, a productdon system that gave way to the factory system. Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) Collaborator with Karl Marx. Engels was a textile factory owner and supplied Marx with the hard data for his economic writings, most notably Das Kapttal (l867). Roger Fenton Battlefield photographer of the Crimean War. J. G. Fichte (1762-1814)-Gerrnan writer who believed that the German spirit was nobler and purer than that of other peoples. Charles Fourier (1772-1837)-A leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well. Hegelian dialectic The idea, according to G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831), a German philosopher, that social change results from the conflict of opposite ideas. The thesis is confronted by the antithesis, resuiting in a synthesis, which then becomes a new thesis. The process is evolutionary. Marx turned Hegel "upside down" and made class conflict, not ideas, the force driving history forward. J. G. Herder (1774-1803)-Forerunner of the German Romantic movement who believed that each people shared a national character, or Volksgeist. Thomas Malthus (1776-1834)-English parson whose Essay on Population (1798) argued that population would always increase faster than the food supply. Karl Marx (1818-1883)-German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development. Robert Owen (1771-1858) Utopian socialists who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased workers wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most noteable was New Harmony (1826) which failed. David Ricardo (1772-1823)-English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth. William Russell British journalist who reported the events of the Crimean War first hand for the people at home. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)-English philosopher who argued that in the difflcuit economic struggle for existence, only the "fittest" would survive. Flora Tristan (1803-1844)-Soclalist and feminist who called for working women's social and political rights.