1.
Adenine: Thymine bonds with ______.
2.
anticodon: 3 nucleotides/nitrogen bases in tRNA
3.
base substitution: the replacement of one base or nucleotide with another. Occasionally, a base substitution causes no change to a protein, but sometimes it results in a change that affects the function of a protein, sometimes drastically.
4.
breast cancer: deletion frameshitf two bases, pair 17, breast lump (varian cancer is common in patients)
5.
codon: in RNA, a three-base "word" that codes for one amino acid.
6.
cystic fibrosis: deletion three bases, pair 7, misshapen protein salt cant be released out of lung cell mucous is deposited
7.
Cytosine: Guanine bonds with _______.
8.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): molecule responsible for inheritance; nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose
9.
DNA helicase: opens DNA strands, breaking hydrogen bonds
10.
DNA Ligase: links DNA strands
11.
DNA polymerase: enzyme that makes the covalent bonds between the nucleotides of new dan strands
12.
DNA replication: process of copying DNA molecules in the nucleus.
13.
double bonds: a=t and t=a
14.
double helix: two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA.
15.
exon: coding region in RNA transcript
16.
genotype: genetic makeup, sequence of nucleotide bases in its DNA.
17.
insertion or deletion: usually more disastrous than the effects of a base substitution. Because mRNA is read as a series of triplets, adding or subtracting nucleotides may alter the triplet groupings of the genetic message
18.
intron: internal noncoding region in RNA transcript
19.
monges deafness: substitution two bases, pair 15, hair cells (nerves) in middle ear stop responding because they die or fluid thickens up.
20.
mRNA - Messenger RNA: single strand, carries out the DNA's code into the cytoplasm
21.
mutagen: physical or chemical agent that causes mutations
22.
mutation: any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
23.
nitrogenous base: single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms with attached functional groups, found in nucleic acids.
24.
nucleotide: building block (monomer) of nucleic acid polymers
25.
origin of replication: site where replication occurs, DNA can have ______ and form bubbles which eventually merge forming 2 double stranded DNA molecules.
26.
phenotype: the organisms specific traits, protein function.
27.
purine: double-ring nitrogenous base
*adenine and guanine
28.
pyrimidine: single-ring nitrogenous base
*thymine and cytosine
29.
ribonucleic acid RNA: nucleic acid containing the sugar ribose
30.
RNA polymerase: transcription enzyme that links RNA nucleotides together
31.
RNA splicing: process by which the introns are removed from the RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together.
32.
rRNA - Ribosomal RNA: 2 globular structures, make up a ribosome which carries enzymes for protein synthesis.
33.
silent mutation: When no change in the protein product would result, for example if a mutation to DNA causes the mRNA codon to change from GAA to GAG
34.
start codon (s): AUG
35.
stop codon (s): UAA, UGA, AUG
36.
Tay-Sachs: frame shift, single base, pair 15, defective protein cannot break down fats and brain cells are destroyed (die by age 5)
37.
transcription: process by which a DNA template is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule in the nucleus.
38.
Translation: Happens in the ribosome of the cytoplasm to direct the process by which a sequence of nucleic acids in RNA is used to direct the production of a chain of specific amino acids.
39.
triple bonds: c=g and g=c
40.
tRNA - Transfer RNA: reads the code and carries the amino acid to be incorporated into the developing protein.
