Personality Vocab AP Psych
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28 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 id | in the psychoanalytical approach this is the part of your personality, which contains everything psychological, that is inherited and is the irrational, self-centered part of the personality, which is guided by the pleasure principle. |
| ego | mediates between instinctual needs and condition of the environment to maintain our life and ensure species live on and is guided by the reality principle. |
| superego | is composed of the conscience that punishes us by making us feel guilty and the ego-ideal that rewards us by making us feel proud of ourselves. |
| defense mechanisms | extreme measures that protect the ego from threats; operates unconsciously and deny, falsifies or distorts reality. |
| repression | the most frequently used and powerful; it is the pushing away of threatening thoughts, feelings, memories into the unconscious mind; unconscious forgetting. |
| regression | retreat to an earlier level of development characterized by more immature, pleasure-seeking behavior. |
| rationalization | offering socially acceptable reasons for our inappropriate behavior; making unconscious excuses. |
| projection | attributing our own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or actions to others. |
| displacement | shifting unacceptable thoughts, feelings or actions from a more threatening person or object to one less threatening. |
| reaction | formation- acting in a manner exactly opposite to our true feelings. |
| sublimation | the redirection of unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable behaviors. |
| collective unconscious | Jungian theory; the powerful and influential system that contains universal memories and ideas that all people have inherited from ancestors over the course of evolution. |
| archetypes | inherited memories or common themes found in all cultures, religions and literature—both modern and ancient. Individuation- psychological process by which we become an individual; unified whole, including conscious and unconscious processes. |
| self-actualization | a humanistic concept developed by Abraham Maslow that says humans are born good, strive for positive personal growth and reach towards being the best person we can be. |
| unconditional positive regard | this is from the "self-theory" of Carl Rogers who taught that an individual's self-concept is formed by society's conditions of worth and the need for acceptance and love from others independent of how we behave. |
| self-efficacy | is a term from the cognitive and social cognitive approach to personality and is our belief that we an perform behaviors that are necessary to accomplish tasks and that we are competent. (Opposite of learned helplessness) |
| reciprocal determination | a concept introduced by Albert Bandura which state that 3 types of factors all affect one another in explaining our behavior: personality characteristics and cognitive processes; the nature, frequency and intensity of actions; stimuli from the social or physical environment, and reinforcement contingencies. |
| locus of control | a concept introduced by Julian Rotter; and is the degree to which we expect that a reinforcement or outcome of our behavior is contingent on our own behavior or personal characteristics (internal locus of control) as opposed to the degree to which we expect that a reinforcement or outcome of our behavior is a function of luck or fate, is under the control or others, or is unpredictable (external locus of control). |
| cardinal trait | defining characteristic in a small number of us that dominates and shapes all of our behaviors. |
| central trait | general characteristic; between 5 and 10 of these shape much of our behavior. |
| secondary trait | a characteristic apparent in only certain situations. |
| the big five | this is a five-factor model of personality and includes the traits of: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism |
| halo effect | tendency to generalize a favorable impression to unrelated dimensions of the subject's personality. |
| hawthorn effect | when people know that they are being observed they change their behavior to what they think the observer expect or to make themselves look good. |
| projective personality tests | purposely-ambiguous stimuli (inkblots or pictures). A psychologist will assume that the test taker will project their unconscious thoughts or feelings onto the stimuli. Examples: Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
| subjective tests | most common personality assessment tests; they involve answering a series of questions, such as a personality questionnaire or supplying information about one's self. |
| self-concept | our overall view of our abilities, behavior, and personality |
| self-esteem | one part of our self-concept or how we EVALUATE ourselves. |
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