Cerebral Spinal Fluid and Meninges
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Created by:
morgansherritt on April 19, 2012
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21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ventricular system | cavities in the brain where CSF is produced and circulated functions in reduction of tractions of the nerves and blood vessels connected with the CNS, cushioning effect (dampening the effects of trauma), removing of metabolites from the CNS, maintaining an ionic environment for the CNS |
| lateral ventricles | "C"-shaped structure with a short tail contains an anterior horn, a body, a posterior horn, and an inferior horn CSF produced in the lateral ventricle drain into the third ventricle and then via the interventricular foramina (of Monro) |
| third ventricle | narrow vertically oriented space that has connection with the lateral ventricles rostrally and with the cerebral aqueduct caudally major boundaries are the dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus drains into the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) |
| cerebral aqueduct | about 1.5mm in diameter connects third and fourth ventricles especially susceptible to occlusion because of its narrow diameter (hydrocephalus) |
| fourth ventricle | roughly pyramid-shaped space extends into cerebellum dorsally and forms a narrow channel caudally which continues into the cerebral spinal cord and forms the central canal three openings in the subarachnoid space: foramina of Luschka (two openings) and foramen of Magendie (one opening) |
| hydrocephalus | blockage of the flow of CSF (typically cerebral aqueduct) in the ventricular system results in swelling or enlargement of the lateral ventricles can also be a result of CSF overproduction (choroid plexuses tumor); amount of CSF can exceed the flow capacity through the ventricular system |
| CSF composition | produced by the choroid plexus (modified ependymal cells) very little protein present concentration of glucose, calcium, and potassium are smaller than in the blood serum and the concentrations of sodium, magnesium, and chloride are higher |
| CSF circulation | flows from lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through the foramina of Monro and then from the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle; leaves the fourth ventricle via foramina of Luschka and Magendie to enter the cerebellomedullary cistern travels within subarachnoid space and flows into venous sinuses through arachnoid villi; pressure in subarachnoid space is higher than in arachnoid villi so there is no backflow and if pressure in arachnoid villi becomes higher, the flow of CSF stops |
| choroid plexus | modified ependymal cells produce CSF in ventricular system present through ventricular system except in the cerebral aqueduct located in the medial wall in each lateral ventricle and on the roof of the third and fourth ventricles |
| meninges | made of fibroblasts and connective tissue dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater protect the underlying brain and spinal cord, serve as support framework for important arteries, veins, and sinuses, enclose a fluid-filled cavity (subarachnoid space) |
| dura mater | most outer meningeal layer composed of fibroblasts and collagen fibrils which gives it great strength and contains blood vessels and nerves divided into outer (periosteal) and inner (meningeal) layer; layers are continuous except where they form infoldings (falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli) which divide the cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial compartments |
| dural venous sinuses | falx cerebri contains the superior and inferior sagittal venous sinuses straight sinus is located in the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium |
| arachnoid mater | contains two layers of cells between the dura and pia mater forming the subarachnoid space containing the CSF; arachnoid barrier cell layer and spindly cells many blood vessels and nerves go through subarachnoid space; may be damaged from trauma or rupture spontaneously causing subarachnoid hemorrhaging |
| subarachnoid cisterns | enlargements in the subarachnoid space that are named according to the brain structures with which they have borders pontine, interpeduncular, chiasmatic, superior, cerebellomedullary, and lumbar |
| pia mater | most inner layer; single or several layers of flat cells that closely follow all grooves and elevations of the brain and spinal cord surfaces jellylike layer because it contains spindly cells and is a soft structure |
| herniation syndromes | supratentorial or infratentorial herniations shift of the brain through or across regions due to mass effect (tumor, trauma, or infection) |
| supratentorial herniations | most common is uncal herniation; hematoma forces the uncus to push on the midbrain causes decreased level of consciousness, pupil dilation and a major loss of eye movement, paralysis of one side of the body early stage is likely to be followed by serious complications or death without appropriate treatment |
| infratentorial herniations | most common is tonsillar herniation; cerebellar tumor increases intracranial pressure and pushes tonsil to compress the medulla which contains cardiovascular and respiratory centers, and the reticular formation (coma) |
| epidural hemorrhage | bleeding between the skull and dura mater most common cause is an injury to the head with or without skull fracture blood from damaged arteries detach the dura from the skull and form an epidural hematoma lesions tend to be short and wide because they do not cross the dural skull attachments |
| subdural hemorrhage | bleeding into the meninges between the dura and arachnoid originates from tearing of so-called bridging veins blood from damaged veins pass through the subarachnoid space to enter venous sinuses and detach the junction between the dura and arachnoid hemorrhage appears on MRIs as long and thin (no attachments to skull) |
| subarachnoid hemorrhage | bleeding in the subarachnoid space blood vessels (usually arteries) may be damaged from trauma or rupture spontaneously which results in the spreading of blood around the brain diagnosed by the presence of blood in the CSF obtained by a cisternal puncture (lumbar cistern) symptoms are sudden excruciating headache, neck stiffness, vomiting/nausea, depression or loss of consciousness |
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