Ch 11-14 Project Set
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DrDavila Plus on April 19, 2012
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BIO104: Human Anatomy & Physiology II
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197 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 blood | fluid connective tissue of cardiovascular system; contains blood cells (red & white) and plasma |
| 5 functions of blood | 1. Transport substances (O2, nutrients, etc) 2. Restrict fluid loss (ie, blood) 3. Defend from pathogens 4. Regulate pH and ions 5. Stabilize body temperature |
| blood pH | 7.35 - 7.45; or 7.40 ± 0.05 |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood; made of water (92%), proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, and waste; ≈55% of blood |
| 3 plasma proteins | fibrinogen, Albumin, and globulin; made by the liver |
| albumin | most numerous plasma protein; maintains osmotic pressure of blood; "attracts" water to osmose back into blood stream from tissues |
| globulin | transport hydrophobic (water-frightened; ie, oily) molecules; immunoglobulins function in immunity and allergy |
| fibrinogen | plasma protein cleaved into fibrin by thrombin during blood coagulation; |
| fibrin | blood-clotting protein formed when thrombin cleaves fibrinogen during coagulation (clotting) process; last step of blood clotting |
| formed elements | Erythrocytes (RBCs) Leukocytes (WBCs) Platelets (aka thrombocytes, which are cell fragments not cells); |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell; full of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen; 5,000,000 cells/mm3 99.9% of blood cells are RBCs; formed in red bone marrow |
| hemoglobin | oxygen-carrying molecule found in erythrocytes; made of heme (pigment) and globin (protein); heme contains Iron (Fe2+), which turns red when bound to O2; Hgb range = 12-18g/100cc |
| bilirubin | orange-yellow pigment in bile; breakdown product of hemoglobin from dead erythrocytes; |
| erythropoiesis | process of making red blood cells |
| hemopoiesis | process of making any blood cell; aka hematopoiesis |
| leukocyte | white blood cell (WBC); defend body by: 1. Defend against pathogen invasion 2. Remove toxins and wastes 3. Attack abnormal cells formed in red bone marrow or lymph tissue; normal count: 5,000-9,000 cells/mm3 |
| differential count | count of each type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in stained blood smear; determines abnormailities or *changes in WBC populations, due to: infections, inflammation, allergy, and cancer* |
| neutrophil | most abundant WBC; phagocyte; population increases exponentially in acute infection; |
| eosinophil | phagocyte WBC; engulfs antibodies linked to antigens; populations increase in allergic conditions |
| basophil | WBC which releases histamine and heparin; aka mast cells, when in tissue; populations increase in chronic inflammation & infection |
| heparin | anticoagulating protein, which slows clotting; released in response to injury |
| histamine | vasodilating protein, released after injury or allergy; increases blood vessel permeability, which leads to fluid accumulating in tissue (edema), compressing nerves (pain), warmth, and redness; attracts lymphocytes |
| monocyte | largest phagocytic WBC; aka macrophage |
| lymphocyte | 1 of 3 types of WBC (B-/T-/NK-lymphocyte)providing specific immunity (B & T) and some innate immunity (NK); smallest WBCs; 25% of total WBC population |
| B lymphocyte | differentiates in bone; makes antibodies; aka plasma cell |
| T lymphocyte | differentiates in thymus; performs cell-mediated immunity |
| 4 inflammation signs | swelling pain redness heat |
| platelet | cell fragment involved in blood clotting; aka thrombocyte; forms platelet plug to temporarily plug tears in blood vessel; 250,000-500,000 platelets/mm3 |
| agglutination | blood clumping or bacteria clumping, due to antibodies sticking to each other |
| vitamin K | essential nutrient involved in blood clotting process; vitamin "Klot" |
| hematologist | specialist treating diseases and disorders of blood and associated tissues |
| blood type | identifies which cell-surface protein(s) are on RBCs; 4 main classes: A, B, O, Rh-factor |
| antigen | any substance (toxin, cell-surface protein) that stimulates production of antibodies; anything body may recognize as foreign |
| antibody | protein released by B-lymphocytes in response to antigen; antibody sticks to antigen; antibody signals phagocytic eosinophils |
| Rh-factor | cell-surface protein that may be recognized as an antigen, similar to A and B |
| crossmatching and typing | test for compatibility of blood transfusions |
| type O negative | universal blood donor; aka O- RBCs have none of the main antigens (A, B, or Rh), so recipient should not create antibodies and reject the blood |
| type AB positive | universal blood receiver; aka AB+ RBCs have all major antigens, thus recipient does not recognize any additional antigens in any type of blood (A+, A-, B+, B-, AB-, AB+, O-, or O+) |
| hematocrit | percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood; aka packed cell volume; ≈45% ± 8% |
| fractionation | separating whole blood into plasma & formed elements for clinical analysis using a centrifuge; |
| hemocytoblast | blood stem cell from which all other types of blood cell are descended. "mother" of blood cells |
| average blood volume | adult: 5L adult ♀: 4-5 L adult ♂: 5-6 L |
| 3 blood characteristics | 1. Hot (38°C (100.4°F) is normal temperature 2. Thick (high viscosity) 3. Basic (Slightly alkaline pH [7.4 ± 0.05]) |
| venipuncture | puncture of a vein to remove blood, inject a medication / dye, or start an intravenous infusion |
| red bone marrow | hemopoietic tissue that manufactures formed elements (all RBCs, many WBCs, platelets); located within spongy bone of all child and some adult bones |
| erythropoietin | hormone secreted by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production; secreted when low O2 (hypoxia), often due to disease or altitude; aka erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone aka EPO |
| hemostasis | cessation of bleeding; 3 phases: vascular, platelet, coagulation followed by platelet retraction of blood vessel & fibrinolysis |
| vascular phase | 1st hemostasis step: blood vessel contracts; membrane becomes sticky & hormones released |
| platelet phase | 2nd hemostasis step: platelets adhere to vessel and platelets aggregate together forming a platelet plug |
| coagulation phase | 3rd hemostasis step: blood clotting enzyme chain reaction, ending with fibrinogen converted into fibrin |
| clot retraction | after coagulation, platelets contract pulling torn blood vessel together |
| fibrinolysis | blood-clot dissolving; tissue-plasminogen activator converts plasminogen → plasmin, which digests fibrin strands of clot |
| heart | four-chambered muscular organ, that pumps oxygen-poor blood to pulmonary circulation (lungs) and oxygen-rich blood to systemic circulation (body) |
| pulmonary circulation | portion of circulatory system that sends blood to, and receives blood from, the lungs |
| systemic circulation | portion of circulatory system that sends blood to, and receives blood from, the body |
| pericardium | double-layered serous membrane surrounding heart |
| visceral pericardium | serous membrane on the surface of heart muscle; aka epicardium |
| parietal pericardium | tough, fibrous serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity, posterior to ribs and sternum |
| pericardial fluid | serous fluid between parietal & visceral pericardium; reduces friction when heart beats |
| epicardium | outer layer of heart tissue made of serous membrane; aka visceral pericardium; coronary blood vessels found here |
| myocardium | middle and largest layer of heart, made of cardiac muscle; |
| septum | thick muscular wall separating blood from one side of heart from the other; (eg, interatrial and interventricular) |
| endocardium | innermost heart layer; includes the smooth endothelium |
| endothelium | innermost lining of blood vessels; very smooth so blood can flow with minimal friction against vessel walls |
| right atrium | upper right chamber of heart; receives de-O2 blood from body via inferior and superior vena cava; pumps blood through tricuspid valve to right ventricle |
| right ventricle | lower right chamber of heart; receives de-O2 blood from right atrium (through tricuspid valve); pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary valve |
| left atrium | upper left chamber of heart; receives O2 blood from lungs via pulmonary veins; pumps blood through bicuspid/mitral valve to left ventricle |
| left ventricle | lower left chamber of heart; largest & thickest chamber; receives O2 blood from left atrium (through bicuspid/mitral valve); pumps blood to body via aortic valve |
| superior vena cava | drains blood from head, neck, arms & chest into top of right atrium |
| inferior vena cava | drains blood from abdominopelvic regions, back and legs into bottom of right atrium |
| tricuspid valve | one-way valve between right atrium & right ventricle; aka right atrioventricular valve (right AV valve) |
| bicuspid valve | one-way valve between left atrium & left ventricle; aka mitral valve aka left atrioventricular valve (left AV valve) |
| atrioventricular valve | one-way valve between atrium and ventricle; prevent blood backflow; AV valves: tricuspid [R] & bicuspid (mitral) [L] |
| pulmonary valve | one-way valve between right ventricle & pulmonary trunk; aka pulmonic valve; 1 of 2 "semilunar" valves |
| aortic valve | one-way valve between left ventricle & aorta; |
| atrium | 1 of 2 thin-walled upper chambers of the heart; receive blood into heart & pumps it through AV valves into ventricles |
| ventricle | 1 of 2 thick-walled lower chambers of the heart; receive blood from atria & pumps it out of heart to body or lungs |
| heart blood flow | IVC/SVC→RA→tricuspid→RV→pulmonary valve →p. trunk→p. arteries→LUNGS→p. veins→LA→bicuspid→LV→aortic valve→aorta→BODY |
| semilunar valve | one-way valve between ventricle and vessel; prevent blood backflow; pulmonary [R] & aortic [L] |
| chordae tendinae | tendon-like, fibrous strands connecting AV valves of the heart with papillary muscles in ventricles, holding valves in place |
| cardiac cycle | complete cycle from start of one heartbeat to the next; includes atrial systole & diastole and then ventricular systole & diastole |
| systole | contraction of myocardium; higher pressure on blood |
| diastole | relaxation of myocardium; lower blood pressure |
| heart sounds | created by closure of heart valves: "LUBB-dub" AV valves slam first, causing loud sound; semilunars slam second, making quieter heart sound |
| murmur | abnormal heart sound |
| cardiac conduction system | network of myocardial cells specialized to generate & conduct electrical signals through the heart; upon elecetrical signal, muscle cells contract |
| conduction pathway | SA node→AV node→AV bundle→bundle branches→cardiac fibers |
| sinoatrial node | "pacemaker" node of conduction system in upper RA; initates spreading electrical signals (approx 60-72 per min) aka SA node |
| atrioventricular node | second node of conduction system between atria & ventricles; spreads electrical signal to AV bundle; aka AV node |
| atrioventricular bundle | specialized muscle fibers connecting AV node to bundle branches, transmitting impulses between them; aka bundle of His |
| bundle branches | electrical signal travels from AV bundle travel through these branches then to cardiac fibers throughout ventricles |
| Purkinje fibers | fibers from bundle branches that spread throughout ventricles carry electrical impulses, causing them to contract |
| electrocardiogram | record of electrical activity of heart; if abnormal, may indicate heart disease; aka ECG or EKG |
| P wave | first, small wave on an EKG; indicative of electrical activity in atria (atrial systole) |
| QRS complex | second, large wave on an EKG (spike down, up, & down); indicative of depolarizing electrical activity in ventricles (ventricular systole & DEpolarization) |
| T wave | third, small wave on an EKG; indicative of electrical activity in ventricles subsiding; (ventricular diastole or REpolarizing ) |
| arrythmia | irregular heart beat |
| bradycardia | abnormally slow heart rate |
| tachycardia | abnormally fast heart rate |
| ischemia | abdormal blood condition of deficient oxygen |
| mediastinum | central region of thoracic cavity, containing aorta, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, and thymus |
| apex | pointed part of an organ; ex heart or lung |
| cadiac output | amount of blood heart pumps in 1 minute; average = 5000 mL/min; equals heart rate multipled by stroke volume; CO = HR x SV |
| heart rate | number of heart beats per minute; average = 72 beats/min |
| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected by heart per conctraction; average = 70 mL/beat |
| vascular system | consists of arteries, veins, and capillaries, through which blood circulates |
| heart blood flow | IVC/SVC→RA→tricuspid→RV→pulmonary valve →p. trunk→p. arteries→LUNGS→p. veins→LA→bicuspid→LV→aortic valve→aorta→BODY |
| lumen | cavity or passage in a tubular organ (ie, through which blood flows) |
| artery | smaller, thick-walled vessels carrying high-pressure blood AWAY from heart; all arteries carry O2-blood (red), except pulmonary artery |
| arteriole | small branch off an artery |
| capillary | microscopic vessels connecting arterioles to venules; where material exchange occurs (eg, gas, nutrients) via diffusion, osmosis, & filtration; often only 1-cell thick |
| venule | small branches into a vein |
| vein | larger, thin-walled vessels carrying low-pressure blood IN to heart; 1-way valves & skeletal muscles help return blood to heart; all veins carry de-O2-blood (blue), except pulmonary vein |
| tunica adventitia | outer layer of blood vessel; fibrous connective tissue; aka tunica externa |
| tunica externa | outer layer of blood vessel; fibrous connective tissue; aka tunica adventitia |
| tunica media | middle layer of blood vessel; smooth muscle tissue; thicker in arteries than veins |
| tunica intima | inner layer of blood vessel; smooth endothelium and underlying connective tissue; aka tunica interna |
| tunica interna | inner layer of blood vessel; smooth endothelium and underlying connective tissue; aka tunica intima |
| endothelium | smooth, innermost lining of blood vessels |
| cardiopulmonary circulation | heart pumps de-O2 blood to lungs & receives O2 blood from lungs; RV→pulm. valve.→pulm. trunk→pulm arteries→LUNGS→pulm. veins→LA |
| systemic circulation | heart pumps O2 (oxihemoglobin), nutrients, water, hormones & wastes to and from all organ systems; LA→aortic valve→aorta→BODY→IVC/SVC→RA |
| aorta | largest artery in body; attached to left ventricle; parts: ascending, arch, descending (thoracic and abdominal) |
| coronary artery | 1 of 2 arteries, which branch off base of ascending aorta; provde O2-rich blood to myocardium |
| pulmonary trunk | artery carrying blood from right ventricle; branches into L&R pulmonary arteries |
| brachiocephalic artery | first artery branching off aortic arch; further divides into right common carotid and right subclavian artery |
| common carotid artery | 1 of 2 arteries (L & R), which branch off either brachiocephalic (R) or artic arch (L); provide blood to entire head; further divides into internal and external carotid arteries |
| internal carotid artery | 1 of 2 arteries (L & R), which branch off common carotid arteries; provide blood to brain |
| external carotid artery | 1 of 2 arteries (L & R), which branch off common carotid arteries; provide blood to face, head, & neck |
| right subclavian artery | branched off of the brachiocephalic; courses beneath clavicle towards armpit to become axillary artery; branches off a vertebral artery (to brain) |
| vertebral artery | 1 of 2 arteries that branch off subclavian arteries, then course up vertebrae into brain |
| left common carotid artery | second branch off aortic arch; provides blood to neck & head; further divides into internal and external carotid arteries |
| left subclavian artery | third branch off aortic arch; courses beneath clavicle towards armpit to become axillary artery; branches off a vertebral artery (to brain) |
| lower thoracic aorta | superior part of descending aorta, which supplies blood to chest organs (eg, lungs, diaphragm, esophagus, chest muscles) |
| abdominal aorta | inferior part of descending aorta (beneath diphragm), which supplies blood to abdominal organs; branches into L & R common iliac arteries |
| common iliac artery | 1 of 2 arteries (L & R) that branch off the end of descending aorta; course into pelvis, then branches into internal and external iliac arteries |
| vasoconstriction | blood vessel tightening, which decreases diameter, or size of lumen; also increases blood pressure smooth muscle in tunica media contracts |
| vasodilation | blood vessel relaxes, which increases lumen size; also decreases blood pressure smooth muscle in tunica media relaxes; aka vasodilatation |
| jugular vein | one of the veins that collect blood from head: brain (L&R internal), face (L&R external), and chin (anterior); all flow into the brachiocephalic veins, which connect to SVC |
| great saphenous vein | longest vein in body; drains blood from foot, leg, and thigh; joins with femoral vein |
| coronary sinus | vein that returns de-O2 blood from heart to RA |
| hepatic portal circulation | liver blood vessels that connect two capillary beds: arteries→caps→portal vein→caps→hepatic vein |
| fetal circulation | special vessels and circulation present in fetus; includes de-O2 blood in umbilical arteries coursing to placenta, and O2 nutrient-rich blood via umbilical veins |
| placenta | vascular uterine structure conected to fetus via umbilical cord; providing O2 and nutrients to fetus and removes wastes from fetus |
| blood flow | affected by: 1. blood pressure differences 2. friction (with vessel & cells) 3. blood viscosity (thickness) 4. length and diameter of blood vessels |
| systolic pressure | higher arterial pressure caused by ventricular contraction; top number in blood pressure reading |
| pulse pressure | difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure; Pulse = (systolic) - (diastolic) |
| diastolic pressure | lower arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation; bottom number in blood pressure reading |
| resistance | any mechanical force that slows or opposes motion; resistance opposes pressure; smaller blood vessels have higher resistance; larger blood vessels have lower resistance |
| pressure | force pushing on an area or surface; in blood, pressure must overcome resistance for blod to flow (circulate) |
| pulse point | place where artery may be compressed against bone with fingertips to feel pulse; big 3: brachial, radial, external carotid |
| median cubital vein | vein between the brachial and antebrachial regions (anterior to cubitus, or elbow); often chosen for venipuncture along with nearby basalic & cephalic veins |
| dural sinuses | large dural gaps that drain venous blood from brain into internal jugular v. |
| brachiocephalic vein | veins formed by union of internal jugular and subclavian veins; brachiocephalic veins fuse into superior vena cava |
| blood aging | 3 changes: 1. less hematocrit 2. blood clots (thrombus) 3. blood pooling in legs |
| heart aging | 5 changes: *1. less cardiac output 2. atherosclerosis (hardening) 3. conduction system dysfunction* 4. damaged muscle replaced by scar 5. reduced cardiac skeleton elasticity |
| vessel aging | 3 changes: 1. thrombi (clots) 2. less elastic arteries (possible aneurysm) 3. calcium deposits (hardening) |
| immune system function | 1. produce lymphocytes, which provide immunity; 2. return lymph [interstitial fluid, or serum] and nutrients [eg, fat, electrolytes, etc.] to blood; 3. resist infection, or invasion of pathogens 4. remove and destroy cancerous cells and toxins |
| pathogen | microscopic organsims that cause disease; eg, bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, |
| immunity | ability to resist infection and disease |
| lymph | watery fluid with leukocytes in lymphatic vessels; ♪ serum-like fluid originally ejected from capillaries, bathed over cells as interstitial fluid, and seeped into lymphatics, becoming lymph. Same Fluid, 3 places♪ |
| interstitial fluid | watery fluid between body cells; blood serum ejected from capillaries becomes interstitial fluid |
| lymphatic vessels | vessels that carry lymph under low-pressure; similar to veins: thin wall, large lumen, valves; carry lymph from tissue to lymph nodes, then return to blood; aka lymphatics, |
| right lymphatic duct | collects lymph from upper right quadrant of body; empties into right subclavian vein |
| thoracic duct | collects lymph from remaining 3/4 of body: upper left quadrant and entire lower portion of body; empties into the left subclavian vein; aka left lymphatic duct, |
| lymph node | encapsulated lymphatic organ located along lymph vessel; filter lymph for pathogens and cancer; lymphocytes may divide here [mitosis] causing swelling and firming; |
| 3 superficial lymph nodes | cervical, axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes; palpated to assist in diagnosis |
| tonsils | 3 pairs of non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue found in oral cavity; palatine, adenoids, lingual; "front-line" protection against pathogens entering body; |
| palatine tonsils | pair of non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue found on both lateral sides of soft palate [posterior roof of mouth] |
| pharyngeal tonsils | pair of non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue in nasopharynx; aka adenoids |
| lingual tonsils | pair of non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue found on posterior aspect of tongue; requires a tongue depressor to view clearly |
| spleen | largest lymphatic organ found in LUQ of abdomen; filters old RBCs, and produces lymphocytes/monocytes: hence, it's pink; in fetus, also produces RBCs |
| thymus | lymphatic organ superior to heart [looks like hat on heart]; T-lymphocytes mature here |
| Peyer's patches | patches of lymphatic tissue in the ileum of small intestine; protect body from ingested pathogens |
| natural immunity | immunity not specific to particular disease, will block or attack any pathogen; cannot distinguish one attack from another; eg, physical barriers (skin, mucus tears), fever, phagocytes, inflammation, aka innate immunity, |
| acquired immunity | immunity to a disease that is not innate but has been acquired during life; formation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to antigen; can be active or passive AND naturally-acquired or induced |
| passive immunity | receiving antibodies made by another organism; eg, from mother or another animal for antivenom |
| active immunity | organism actively makes its own antibodies; eg, after illness or vaccination |
| naturally acquired active immunity | organism makes its own antibodies after naturally falling ill |
| induced active immunity | organism makes its own antibodies after receiving a vaccination or inoculation |
| naturally acquired passive immunity | organism receives antibodies made by its mother, either in the womb through placenta, or through mother's milk |
| induced passive immunity | receiving antibodies made by another animal, as in antivenom; usually made in sheep, horse, or goat |
| immunization | increasing resistance to infection by exposing body to inactivated pathogen and inducing active immunity |
| autoimmune disorder | class of diseases in which the immune system targets normal body tissues and organs, eg Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, lupus |
| allergy | exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an allergen; aka hypersensitvity |
| allergen | any antigen that may cause allergic response to occur; eg pollen, ant-bite venom |
| anaphylaxis | life-threatening allergic reaction; symptoms include: 1. bronchoconstriction [causes difficulty breathing], 2. vasodilation [causes hives, decreased blood pressure, generalized edema]; may lead to circulatory collapse [of blood vessels]; |
| lymphocyte | 1 of 3 types of WBC (B-/T-/NK-lymphocyte)providing specific immunity (B & T) and some innate immunity (NK); smallest WBCs; 25% of total WBC population |
| B lymphocyte | differentiates in bone; makes antibodies performing antibody-mediated immunity; aka plasma cell |
| T lymphocyte | differentiates in thymus; performs cell-mediated immunity |
| NK cell | type of lymphocyte performing a nonsppecific immunity called immunological surveillance; kills viuses, other pathogens, and canerous cells |
| antigen | any substance (toxin, cell-surface protein) that stimulates production of antibodies; "anything body may see as foreign" |
| antibody | immunoglobulin protein released by B-lymphocytes in response to antigen; antibody sticks to antigen; antibody signals phagocytic eosinophils |
| immunoglobulin | class of proteins produced by B-lymphocytes, which function as antibodies; 5 types: IgG most common IgM "prototype" antibody |
| nonspecific defense | block or attack any potential pathogen; cannot distinguish one attack from another, so acts characteristically regardless |
| 7 nonspecific defenses | Physical barriers Inflammation Fever Phagocytes Immunological surveillance Complement Interferons |
| inflammation | body tissue response to injury or irritation; 4 signs: *swelling pain redness heat* |
| blood borne infections | blood-borne infections (ie HIV and Hepatitis C) require intimate contact with blood or other body fluids; casual contact with hands, food, or sneezes cannot transmit these diseases |
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