AP BIO CH 35-38
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BOOOFinals on April 19, 2012
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91 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Root System | Anchoring the plants, absorbing minerals and water, often storing organic nutrients; underground |
| Shoot System | Above ground, Stems,leaves-most photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants |
| Stems | nodes, internodes, axillary bud, terminal bud |
| Leaves | main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants; consists of a flattened blade and a stalk, the petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem |
| Nodes | the points at which leaves are attached |
| Internodes | The stem segments between nodes |
| Axillary bud | a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch |
| Terminal bud | located near the shoot tip and cases elongation of a young shoot |
| Dermal tissue | A single layer of closely packed cells that covers the entire pland and protects it; non-woody- epidermis; woody- periderm |
| Vascular Tissue | carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots; xylem-transports water; pholem- transports nutrients |
| Ground Tissue | includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support; doesn't protect or transport; sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis |
| Parenchyma cell | A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type |
| Collenchyma cell | A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the pant without restraining growth |
| Sclerenchyma cell | A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possesssing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity |
| Apical meristem | located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots; elongate shoots and roots |
| Lateral meristem | adds thickness to woody plants (secondary growth); vascular cambium and cork cambium |
| Vascular cambium | adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem (secondary growth) |
| Cork Cambium | replaces the epidermis with periderm, which I thicker and tougher (secondary growth) |
| Root cap | covers tip of the root and protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil |
| Primary Growth- roots | produces epidermis, ground tissue, and vasclar tissue; the ground tissue fills cortex and region between vascular cylinder; innermast layer of cortex-endodermis |
| Primary Growth- shoots | dome shape mass dividing cells at the tip of the terminal bud; gives rise to repetition of internides and leaf-bearing nodes |
| Stomata | allows CO2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf; interrupts the epidermis |
| Sporophyte | dominant generation for plants; the multicellular diploid that results from the union of gametes |
| Male gametophytes | pollen grains; haploid gametes once unted with embyro sac goes into the sporophyte stage |
| Female gametophyes | Embryo sacs; when joined with pollen grains goes into the sporophyte stage |
| Sepal | Protects the floral bud before it opens |
| Petals | Attract insects and other pollinators to the plant with their color and fragrance |
| Stamen | Male reproductive organs (anthers and filaments) |
| Carpels | Female reproductive organs (ovaries, stigma, and style) |
| Antheridium | The male gametangium, (a chamber where gametes develop) |
| Archegonium | The female gametangium |
| Megaspore | a spore that develops into a female gametophyte |
| Microspore | a spore that develops into a male gametophyte |
| Sporangium | A capsule where meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop |
| Complete Flowers | Have all four basic organs (sepals, petals, stamen, carpels) |
| Incomplete Flowers | Lack one or more of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels; staminate-incomplete flowers that only have a functional stamen; Caprellate- incomplete flowers with only a functional carpel |
| Pollination | the transfer of pollem from an anther to a stigma |
| Pollen development | Pollination suceeds a pollen grain produces a pollen tube that grows down into the ovary and discharges sperm near the embryo sac; develops from microspores in the sporangia of the anthers |
| Self incompatibility | a plant's inability to self fertilize |
| Seed | embyro and food supply, ovule, the product of fertilization in angiosperm |
| Fruits | Ovary, the product of fertilization in an angiosperm; protects the enclosed seed and aids in tseed dispersal by wind or animals |
| Double Fertilization | a pollen tube discharges two sperm into the embryo sac one fertilizes the egg and the other combines with the polar nuclei making food storing endosperm |
| Simple Fruit | develops from one carpel |
| Aggregate Fruit | raspberry- two or more carpels |
| Multiple Fruit | comes from two or more flowers |
| Vegetative reproduction | asexual reproduction in plants |
| Fragmentation | separation of a parent plant into part that develop into whole plants; very common in asexual plants |
| Clones from Cutting | Many plants are asexually reproduced from plant fragments |
| Grafting | a twing or bud can be grafted onto a plant of a closely related species or variety |
| Arificial Selection | ... |
| Recpetion | proteins on cell surface receives chmical signals and changes shape |
| Transduction | second message to cell- cell either changes transcription or translation |
| Response | chemical message change the shape of the protein |
| Tropism | A growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs toward or awat from stimuli owing to differential rates of cell elongation |
| Thigmotropism | directional growth of a plant in response to touch |
| Geotropisms | A response of a plant or animal to gravity results from Auxin |
| Phototropisms | Growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light; results from Auxin; doesn't grow in sun |
| Auxin | enhances apical dominance, forms aventatious roots, stem elongation, 1st hormone, human-made, kills weeds; found in embyro of seed, meristems of apical buds, and young leaves |
| Cytokinins | Stimulates cytokinesis and cell division, works with Auxin to divide cells, works against Auxin in apical dominance; found in synthesized roots and transported to other organs |
| Gibberellins | induces bolting, rapid growth of flower stalk, works with Auxin to promote cell growth; found in meristems of apical buds and roots, young leaves and embryo |
| Abscisic Acid | inhibits growth, enables plants to withstand drought (closes stomata), promotes seed dormancy; found in leaves, stems, roots, and green fruit |
| Ethylene | ges form, promotes fruit ripening, positive feedback-(one bad apple spoils the bunch); found in tissues of ripening fruit, nodes of stems, aging leaves and flowers |
| Circadian rhythm | A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists evenn in the absence of external cues. |
| Phytochrome | a class of light receptors in plants |
| Photoperiodism | A physiological response to photo period, the relative lengths of night and day |
| Monocot | one embryo, scattered vascular bundles of stem, parallel leaf veneration, floral parts usually in 3s, fibrous roots, one opening pollen |
| Dicot | Two embryos, Vascular bundles of stem in a ring, Net-like leaf veneration, floral parts in 4s or 5s, Taproots, Three openings pollen |
| Symplastic route | via the continuum of cytosol; goes through the cell |
| Apoplastic route | via the cell walls and extracellular spaces; along the membrane |
| Osmosis | moves from soil through roots because it goes from high water potential to low to help it reach an equilibrium |
| Root hair | A tiny extension of a roott epidermal cell, growing just behind the rott tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals |
| Mycorhizae | roots and fungi form- symbiotic consisting of plant roots united with fungal hyphae; increased surface area more absorption |
| Endodermis | the innermost layer of cells in the root cortex |
| Casparian Strip | the reason some apoplastics must turn nto sympastic because of the waxy strip the minerals can't get around |
| Transpiration | the evaporation of water from leaves and other aerial parts of the plant; evaporation causes this |
| Translocation | the transport of organic nutrients in a plant; opposite of transpiration |
| Sugar Source | an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves |
| Sugar Sink | An organ that is a net consumer or stores sugar |
| Root Pressure | transpiration is very low, root cells continue pumping mineral ions in to the xylem of the vascular cylinder, lowering the water potential; pressure goes up water pressure goes up stem into leaves |
| Guttation | the exudation of water droplets on tips of grass blades or on leaves |
| Transpiration-Cohesion Adhesionn Mechanism | Water pulled up by negative pressure in xylem- transpiration provides the pull, cohesion by hydrogen bonding transmits the upward from the xylem to the roots; the movement of sylem sap against gravity |
| Transpirational Pull | water exits throught he stomata after it diffues down its gradient; transpiration produces negative pressure which exerts a pulling force on water in the xylem, pulling water into the leaf |
| Cohesion | water molecules bind to each other |
| Adhesion | water molecules bind to sides of stem |
| Sucrose into phloem | Proton pump and co-transport and H+ enable the cells to accumulate sucrose; H+ and sucrose help each other get into the cell |
| Gravitational Potential | ignore because gravity is not a large force for small trees |
| Electrical Potential | Ignore because water is uncharged |
| Pure water | no potential the water pressure is 0 |
| Water potential | increased by pressure potential and decreased by addition of solutes which lowers solute potential |
| Guard Cells | control the diameter of the stroma by changing shape |
| Proton Pump | uses ATP to pump hdrogen out of cells, which causes the inside of the cell to become negative |
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