Biology II Test 4 Study Guide
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Created by:
jump_drive123 on April 20, 2012
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256 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Respiratory System | system that regulates gas exchange |
| thin and moist | What condition does a site of gas exchange have to be in? |
| capillary beds | The site of gas exchange must have lots of _________. |
| concentration gradient | The site of gas exchange must have a barrier that forms a ____________. |
| gills | associated with fish and some aquatic amphibians, surrounded by epithelial tissue |
| aquatic gills | useful in water |
| air gills | Utitilize about 21% of Oxygen |
| in water | The oxygen concentration is less than that of air; air exchange is more difficult |
| 5 | The typical fish has_____pair of gills. |
| gill filaments | the lines that branch off of a gill arch diagram |
| gill arch | the curved lines on a gill diagram |
| lamellae | the transverse lines across the gill filaments on a diagram |
| back carbon dioxide | Where does blood enter gills and what does it carry? |
| front oxygen | Where does water enter gills and what does it carry? |
| countercurrent exchange mechanisim | blood and water flow in different directions |
| gradient | oxygen diffuses as long as there is a ...? |
| high to low | In what direction does oxygen diffuse? |
| deoxygenated | oxygen from water diffuses into what kind of blood? |
| equillibrium | oxygen diffusion continues as long as there is a gradient until_______. |
| cutaneous respiration | gas exchange through the skin; highly efficient; 30% of gas goes through skin; thin, moist, capillary beds, no barriers |
| barriers | feathers, scales, hair |
| buccopharyngcal respiration | thin, moist, epithelial lining, cappillary beds; in some amphibians |
| simple sacs | Lung respiration in fish and amphibians |
| reptiles and birds | What animal has larger sacs and lobes for more gas exchange to occur? |
| mammals | Have the largest lobes, the most lobes, within each inhalation/exhalation cycle, only 1/6 of air is replenished |
| pathway of air | most of the_______-is ciliated and secretes epithelium (warming); some of it is lined with cartilage rings |
| external nares | nasal cavity |
| nasal cavity | this is lined with cilia and moucous |
| internal nares | holes in the back of pharynx |
| Pharynx of mouth cavity | point where respiration and digestive system meet |
| glottis | opening to respiratory tube |
| epiglottis | (flap) to prevent items entering glottis |
| larynx | voice box |
| trachea | windpipe; sturdy tubes reinforced with chitin to keep them open; LEADS to lungs |
| bronchi | inhaled air moving from the trachea branches into two tubes called___________which lead to each lung. |
| aveoli | air sacs; site where gas exchange occurs |
| inhaled hair | high in oxygen; low in Co2 |
| blood in capillary | low in oxygen; high in CO2 |
| exhaled air | high in co2 |
| diaphragm | involuntary muscle (smooth muscle); large muscular organ separating thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| inhalation | diaphragm contracts and moves/ pulls down-expanding chest cavity |
| inhalation | lungs to "expand" pulls air in |
| inhalation | passive movement of air into lungs |
| exhalation | diapragm relaxes and moves/ pulls up |
| exhalation | diaphragm relaxes and moves/ pulls up |
| exhalation | ribcage compresses lungs to "expel" air |
| exhalation | passive movement of air out of lungs |
| urinary system | waste disposal; ions, urinary waste, h2o; electrolytes, |
| electrolytes | balance between ions and water; salt ions broken loose in the body |
| osmosis | water movement; diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane |
| osmoregulation | maintenence of the balance between ions and water in cells, tissues, and fluids |
| osmoregulation | change in ion concentration; redistribution of water by osmosis |
| osmoregulation | red blood cells swell when put in fresh water |
| osmoregulation | hydrogen ions maintain pH |
| excretion of nitrogenous wastes | in based waste product; watr must be involved |
| 48 | Humans gain ____% water from drinking. |
| 40 | Humans gain ___% water from water in food. |
| 12 | Humans gain___% water from metabolic water. |
| 60 | Humans lose ___% of water from urine. |
| 34 | Humans lose ___% of water from evaporation. |
| 6 | Humans lose ____% of water from feces. |
| generate water | chemica; reactions in body____________. |
| ammonia | toxic; first break down products of metabolism such as protein; easily diffuses into water; released by fish |
| urea | urinary waste product of amphibians and mammals |
| uric acid | break down of protein and nucleic acid |
| uric acid | the white part of poop in birds and reptiles |
| gout | build up of uric acid |
| kidneys | come in pairs in vertebrates |
| renal artery | send blood to be filtered to kidneys |
| kidneys | simpl set in fish; bigger ordinance, more complex in mammals and birds and reptiles |
| metanephric kidney | advanced kidney drained by a ureter, lots of nephrons, filter at much high pressures |
| RENAL | a word that ALWAYS refers to KIDNEY |
| ureter | tube draining from kidney to urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | storage |
| urethra | release from body |
| nephron | functional unit of kidney |
| nephron | forms urinary waste |
| kidneys | filter 18 liters of blood filtered per day |
| kidneys | composed of one million nephrons |
| nephron | composed of renal corpuscle |
| renal corpuscle | squeezes out blood; made of glomerulus and bowmans capsule |
| renal tubule | blood squeezed from bowman's capsule ends up here; long hollow tube |
| glomerulus | huge capillary bed that filters glomerulus filtrate |
| bowman's capsule | cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place. |
| renal tubule | The portion of the nephron after the glomerulus and apsule; the region of the nephron where the filtrate is modified along its path to becoming urine. |
| proximal | near |
| distal | far; away |
| proximal tubule | first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients |
| distal tubule | The portion of the nephron tubule after the loop of Henle, but before the collecting duct. Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably regulated reabsorption of water and sodium. |
| collecting duct | the location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from the renal tubules |
| loop of Henle | section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine |
| filtration | 1st stage of urine formation; occurs in glomerulus and bowman's capusule; about 20% of plasma is filtered out into Bowmans Capsule. |
| reabsorption | 2nd stage of urine filtration;proximal tube nearest glomerulus capsule; about 60% of filtrate is ______out of tubule |
| secretion | 3rd stage of urine formation; distal tubule is primary site. ______is moving material from the surrounding fluid into tubule. Goal: to remove as much waste as possible while keeping nutrients and reserving water. |
| fresh water fish | environment ions are less than body ions |
| fresh water fish | environment water is greater than body water |
| fresh water fish | constant intake of water |
| fresh water fish | these dont drink water |
| fresh water fish | these have a large glomerulus |
| fresh water fish | these have a short tubule that is not used to reabsorb |
| fresh water fish | these have dilute wastes which include ammonia and water |
| Salt water fish | environment ions greater than body ions |
| Salt water fish | environment water is less than body water |
| Salt water fish | lose water by osmosis; constant loss of water |
| Salt water fish | these drink _______water to increase body ions |
| Salt water fish | store ions in tissues; urea is stored in cells |
| Salt water fish | these have a small glomerulus |
| Salt water fish | these have a long tubule to get water back |
| Salt water fish | these have concentrated waste |
| loop of Henle in mammals | constricted portion of tubule, slows down filtrate, allows more water to be reabsorbed, alloows vitamins and nutrients to be reabsorbed; |
| loop of Henle in mammals | allows more intense concentration (20 times) of waste into tubule; concentrates wastes, minimal goodies, minimum water= waste product in the urea |
| endocrine system | hormonal control of body functions |
| hormone | signaling molecule; specific target cells |
| pharamones | chemicals released that can be inhaled (smell) |
| neurotransmitters | nervous system signaling molecules; transport through blood to elicit response |
| endocrine glands | ductless glands; no tube leading out of it; secrete hormones through membranes directly to blood stream. |
| exocrine glands | have ducts releasing secretions onto a surface |
| hypothalamus | produce "releasing hormones" that regulate pituitary hormones |
| follicle stimulating hormone-releasing hormone | FSH-RH |
| leutenizing hormone-releasing hormone | LH-RH |
| pituitary (anterior) | secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands |
| gonadotropins | act on gonads; these are FSH and LH |
| thyrotropins | act on thyroid |
| adenocotrophs | act on adrenal glands |
| growth hormone | stimulates cell division for new productyion |
| prolactin hormone | stimulates mammory glands for milk production |
| melanophore | stimulating hormone-pigment diffuser |
| posterier and anterior | parts of pituitary glands |
| vasopressin and oxytocin | parts of posterier pituitary |
| vasopressin | acts on kidney to reduce urine flow |
| oxytocin | invokes one or more response to stimulate muscle contraction of uterus; stimulates release of milk from mammory glands |
| thyroid gland | secretes thyroxine which promotes normal development of the nervous system |
| adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |
| cortisol | anti-imflammatory hormone |
| aldosterone | transport from adrenal gland to kidney to promote reabsorption with nephric tubule |
| epinephrine | (adrenaline)-build up of energy |
| norepinephrine | helps control alertness and arousal |
| gastrin | causes stomach cells to secrete hydrocloric acid |
| cholycystokinin | stimulates gall bladder to release bile into small intestine; stimulates pancreas to release enzymatuc juices into small intestine. |
| asexual reproduction | one parent, energetically cheap, no gametes, no reproductive organs, fast, produces clones, simple, mitosis+cytokinesis |
| binary fission | single-cell protozoans; transverse; longitudinal 1--splits-->2----splits-->4 |
| budding | (phylum cnidaria)- a piece breaks off and becomes a new genetically similar organism |
| gemmulation | gemmule- encapsulated bud; more common is fresh water phylum porifera |
| fragmentation | phylum platyhelminthes (flat worm splits and makes 2 flatworms) |
| asexual reproduction | no genetic variation |
| asexual | in good environmental conditions animals exhibit____ reproduction. |
| sexual | in bad environmental conditions animals exhibit______ reproduction. |
| sexual reproduction | gametes; 2 parents; at least 2 reproductive organs; energetically expensive (especially for females) |
| gametes | egg and sperm |
| sexual reproduction | takes time, genetic variation, result from meiosis and cytokinesis |
| meiosis | only in sexual reproduction; reduces chromosome number |
| fertilization | fusion of male and female gametes; restores chromosome number |
| hermaphroditism | having both male and female reproductive organs |
| monecious | another word hermaphroditism |
| sex reversal | in fish; having the ability to change from male to female |
| self fertilization | uncommon;the fusion of sperm and egg that are produced by the same individual organism |
| cross fertilization | The fusion of sperm and egg derived from two different individuals |
| parthenogenesis | development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg; soerm DOES NOT fuse with egg BUT activates cleavage; Sperm may or may not initiate the development. |
| biparental | sexual reproduction; 2 individuals; 2 sex organs; 2 sex cells |
| diecious | condition of being biparental |
| oviparous | condition of egg-laying outside of the body; fertilization can be internal or external |
| ovoviparous | condition where eggs are retained by remale, nourishment derived from egg yolk; young are born live; |
| viviparous | live-bearing with internal connection; babies born live in placenta |
| oviduct or uterus | development occurs here in viviparous animals |
| placenta | development and gas exchange with____in viviparous animals |
| viviparous | fertilization is always internal |
| viviparous | parental care = protection |
| viviparous | occurs in most mammals except three and some reptiles |
| viviparous | genetic variation advantage; some individuals can survive tough environmental conditions/changes |
| natural selection | measure of the differential survival and differential reproduction |
| asexual reproduction | result of mitosis and cytokinesis (clones); no genetic variation |
| natural selection | process that has the potential to wipe out nearly everything |
| asexually reproducing organisms | these are susceptible to extinction |
| origin and maturation of germ cells | primordial germ cells; from yolk sac |
| vertebrate gonads | arise from a pair of genital ridges along dorsal wall of embryo. |
| gonads | develop in abdominal cavity; descend into scrotum sac 2 months before birth |
| seminiferous tubules | site of sperm production; tiny tubules within testes in which sperm is produced |
| leydig cells | located between chambers of testes; responsible for the secretion of testosterone |
| sertoli cells | provide nourishment to developing sperm and other cells involving sperm production |
| epididymus | beginning section of transport duct; short term storage of sperm; where sperm matures; where flagellum for sperm swimming is developed; where the non-functioning sperm are absorbed |
| vas deferens | longest portion of transport duct from testes to urethra |
| ejaculatory duct | duct formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle; its fluid is carried into the urethra |
| urethra | tube running up through penis for release of sperm from the body. |
| copulatory organ | penis with urethra |
| accessory glands | add secretions into duct system; sperm does not pass through these |
| seminal vesicle | prostaglandins is secreted |
| prostaglandin | causes smooth muscle of uterus to contract; produces fructose into glands fro potential nutrients to sperm |
| prostate gland | secretes lubrication |
| bulbourethral glands | at the beginning of urethra; secretes lubrication before sperm |
| FSH | initiates sperm production in semiferous tubules |
| LH | stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone |
| testosterone | development of maintenance in sperm production; responsible for secondary sex charge; increased skeletal muscle mass; increased bone density; thick vocal cords; increased pattern/ distribution of body mass |
| spermatogenesis | steps and process involved in the development of mature sperm |
| diploid | everything BEGINS as a ________. |
| spermatogoin | which is equal to primordial germ cells |
| spermatogoin, spermatogoin, spermatocyte, primordial spermadocyte, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids | _________goes through a _______then the ________divides by meiosis 1. Secondary ________divide by meiosis 2 to create________which are ______. |
| meiosis | neclear division process; divides by 50% |
| spermatozoan | spermatids become _________which is the sperm we see. |
| head | ________of sperm contains nucleus, capped by acrosome, contains enzymes that aid in the penetration of ovum |
| ovum | egg |
| midpiece | this part of the sperm aids in the production of ATP; abundant mitochondria |
| tail | flagellum of sperm |
| ovary | equivalent to male gonad |
| ovum | specializes in egg production |
| estrogen, progesterone | hormone secreted in females |
| promordial ova | at pueberty, about 400 thousand of these are produced per ovary |
| true | no eggs are produced after birth true/false |
| embryonic development | When do primordial cell produce ova? |
| oogenesis | this process begins with oogonium |
| primaryocyte | DNA is duplicated to form a .. |
| first polar body and secondary oocyte | Primaryoocyte is divided by meiosis 1 to get a.. |
| Polar body | does not become an egg |
| After meiosis 2 | When does the polar body become 2.5 polar bodies NOT EGGS |
| the secondary oocyte | produces a second polar body and the ovum |
| egg | female gamete |
| oviduct | normal site of fertilization |
| oviduct | uterine tube |
| haploid | Is the ovum haploid or diploid |
| hanging over it | Where is the oviduct located in reference to the ovary? |
| uterus | implantation site |
| placenta | organ that attaches inside of uterine wall |
| endometrium | lining of uterus; builds up with tissue and vessels/cappilary beds |
| Fertilization Implantation | What must happen before the endometrium/uterus continues to develop; hormones from both sides help to maintain it. |
| endometrium sloughs off | What happens if no fertilization/ implantation occurs? |
| cervix | distal end of the uterus |
| vagina | birth canal; receptacle for mating/ copulation in mating |
| vulva | external genetalia |
| labia majora | 1st external section of genitalia |
| labia minora | 2nd external section of genitalia |
| clitoris | 3rd external section of genitalia |
| homologous | develop from same origin of tissue |
| clitoris | equivalent to penis |
| majora | equivalent to scrotum |
| FSH | this hormone goes to gonad (ovary) in females |
| LH | this hormone goes through the blood |
| ovarian follicle | ovum and surrounding cells; variable stages of maturation |
| analogous | comparison of something that has same function, not same tissue organ. |
| 1/6 | how much air is replenished when breathing occurs? |
| cellular differentiation | cells become specialized; most animals exhibit similar embryonic developmental processes |
| 3 germ layers of embryos | endometrium, mesometrium, and ectometrium |
| triploblastic level | 3 germ layer embryo |
| 5 stages to development | fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogensis |
| Some animals during development include | the metamorphosis of larval form to adult form |
| Fertilization | internal or external female release egg; sperm drips on it |
| Sperm + egg | fuse to form zygote (2N) |
| Zygote | fertilized egg |
| Cleavage | repeated cell cycle; without cell growth |
| estrogen and progesterone | follicle cells secrete...? |
| estrogen effects | absolute requirement for formation and maintenance of female reproductive organs. |
| estrogen effects | responsible for secondary sex characteristics; a thicker layer of adipose tissue under skin. |
| corpus luteum | yellow body; remnant of the follicle after ovulation |
| ovulation | release of egg |
| ovulation | secretes progesterone and estrogen |
| blastula | hollow ball |
| gastrula | when there are 3 distinct germ layers and primordial germ cells |
| germ cells | precursors to gonad |
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