A&P 2 Nutrition and Metabolism
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Created by:
achefspassion on April 21, 2012
Subjects:
science, biology, anatomy, physiology
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96 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What percent of body weight is due to heredity? | 30 to 50 |
| stimulates an immediate sensation of hunger and induces eating | Ghrelin |
| Cholecystokinin (CKK) and Peptide YY both cause what? | a full feeling |
| Leptin and Insulin are both what? | adiposity signals |
| These tell the brain how much adipose tissue the body has, as well as regulate long-term food intake, energy consumption, and body weight | adiposity signals |
| Many Gut-brain Peptides act through what part of the Hypothalamus? | arcuate nucleus |
| The Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus secretes what two things? | neuropeptide Y and melanocortin |
| neuropeptide Y acts as a what? | appitite stimulant |
| melanocortin acts as a what? | appitite suppresent |
| This hormone makes you crave carbohydrates | norepinephrine |
| This hormone makes you crave fats | galanin |
| This hormone makes you crave proteins | endorphins |
| Ingested substances that provide material for growth, repair and maintenance of the body | nutrients |
| These are required in relatively large amounts. Include water, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins | macronutrients |
| Whats are the four Macronutrients needed in large amounts? | water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins |
| Micronutrients - needed in small What are the micronutrients needed in small amounts? | vitamins and minerals |
| These are needed in small amounts. Include vitamins and minerals | micronutrients |
| These must be included in the diet because the body cannot synthesize them from other chemicals | essential nutrients |
| Our body can make 12 of these, but we must include the other 8 in our diets | essential nutrients |
| How many essential nutrients can our bodies make on their own? | 12 |
| This is polymerized(many parts) glucose | glycogen |
| The balance between levels of glycogen and glucose is regulated by what two things? | insulin and glucagon |
| The most 'quantitatively significant digestible dietary carbohydrate | starch |
| The three monosacchrides | glucose, galactose, fructose |
| This lowers the levels of blood cholesterol and harmful low-density lipoproteins (LDL) | water-soluble fiber |
| water-soluble fiber | pectin |
| These contain most of the body's stored energy | fats |
| Lipids are transported in the blood as what? | lipoproteins |
| These are droplets of cholesterol and triglycerides coated with proteins and phospholipids | lipoproteins |
| These are classified based on the ratio of protein to lipids | lipoproteins |
| These are the best kind of lipoproteins | HDLs |
| These are the worst kind of lipoproteins to have | VLDLs |
| These lipoproteins have a higher ratio of proteins than lipids | HDLs |
| These lipoproteins have a sagnificantly higher ratio of lipids than proteins | VLDLs |
| Though these lipoproteins are not the best to have, they are better for you than VLDLs | LDLs |
| These are formed in the small intestine and transport dietary lipids throughout the body | chylomicrons |
| These transport lipids from the liver to adipose tissue where triglycerides are removed | VLDLs |
| These are the remains of the VLDLs after triglycerides are removed, they transport cholesterol to cells that need it | LDLs |
| These transport excess cholesterol back to the liver for disposal | HDLs |
| An excessive _____ concentration indicates a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease | LDL |
| A high _____ concentration is beneficial to cardiovascular health | HDL |
| These are 12% to 15% of the body mass | proteins |
| Proteins are what percent of the body mass? | 12 to 15 |
| These perform a wider variety of structural and physiological roles than any other class of molecules | proteins |
| There are how many essential amino acids ? | eight |
| These supply all the essential* amino acids in the proportions needed for the human body | complete proteins |
| These are the bodies most abundant minerals | calcium, phosphorus and sodium |
| These are small organic molecules necessary to metabolism | vitamins |
| These act as Coenzymes, Antioxidants, Components of visual pigments, etc | vitamins |
| These vitamins are water-soluble | c and b |
| These vitamins are fat-soluble ( spells a name) | K, A, D, and E |
| Vitamin excesses (hypervitaminosis) can also be quite harmful, especially with the _____ vitamins that aren't excreted in the urine | fat soluble |
| This means "sugar-splitting" | glycolysis |
| Glucose oxidation begins with_____ where a 6-carbon glucose molecule is split into two 3-carbon Pyruvic acid molecules | glycolysis |
| During Glucose oxidation, glycolysis causes a 6-carbon glucose molecule to split into TWO 3-carbon _____ molecules | Pyruvic |
| The net yeild of glycolysis is ___ per glucose | 2 ATP |
| After the oxidation of Glucose(Glycolysis) most of the energy is still trapped in the _______ molecule; aerobic respiration OR anaerobic fermentation will release it | pyruvic acid |
| Glycolysis and aerobic respiration collectively produce up to ____ ATP per glucose (the number varying slightly from one tissue type to another) | 38 |
| A one-step reaction that reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid when no oxygen is present | anaerobic fermentation |
| During anaerobic fermentation; ____ ____ is reduced to ____ _____ when no oxygen is present | pyruvic acid, lactic acid |
| The primary purpose of ____ ____ is to regenerate NAD+ which is needed to keep glycolysis running and producing at least some ATP | anaerobic fermentation |
| During anaerobic fermentation Lactic acid travels to _____ which oxidizes it back to pyruvic acid | liver |
| During anaerobic fermentation, Lactic acid travels to liver which oxidizes it back to what? | pyruvic acid |
| This can then be used in aerobic respiration when oxygen becomes available | pyruvic acid |
| Glucose that is extra (in excess of the body's immediate needs) can be converted to fat, or polymerized and stored as what? | glycogen |
| This is the synthesis of Glycogen | glycogenesis |
| This is the hydroLYSIS of glycogen to release the glucose | glycogenolysis |
| This is the synthesis of glucose from glycerol (derived from fats) or amino acids | gluconeogenesis |
| These store and release most of the body's fat (triglycerides) | adipocytes |
| This is the synthesis of fats from precursors such as sugars and amino acids | lipogenesis |
| This is the hydrolysis of fats into fatty acids and glycerol, followed by their oxidation | lipolysis |
| Oxidation of a typical fatty acid can yield how many ATP? This is much more than glucose oxidation | 129 |
| Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces acidic _____ bodies, in a process called ketogenesis | ketone |
| Ketone bodies can be used as fuel but an excess can cause dangerous _____, as it does in diabetes mellitus | ketoacidosis |
| Proteins turn over at an average rate of about ____ g/day with especially high turnover in the intestinal mucosa | 100 |
| Our body turns over ___ percent of proteins through our diet | 50 |
| What percent of amino acids come from digestion or dead epithelial cells of mucosa? | 25 |
| What percent of our amino acids come from enzymes that have digested each other | 25 |
| Amino acid catabolism entails ______, which is the removal of the amino group | deamination |
| The liver combines ______ with CO2 to produce urea, which is less toxic, and also the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine | ammonia |
| This is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine | urea |
| What stores iron and secretes hepcidin to regulate iron absorption? | the liver |
| This is secreted by the Liver to regulate iron absorption? | hepcidin |
| This last about hours after a meal | the absoptive state |
| This promotes glucose uptake and oxidation, glycogenesis and lipogenesis (the formation of glucose and fat storage molecules) | insulin |
| This inhibits gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates like glycerol) | insulin |
| This promotes protein synthesis | insulin |
| This occurs between meals when the stomach and small intestine are empty and the body is using stored fuels | post-absorptive State |
| This is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. It maintains the blood glucose level during post-absorptive state | Glycogenolysis |
| Fatty acids derived from _____ are used as fuel by many cells | lipolysis |
| The post-absorptive state is regulated by what hormones? | glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone |
| This promotes fat and protein catabolism | cortisol |
| This raises blood glucose by antagonizing insulin | growth hormone |
| The is a standard of reference based on a comfortable, resting, awake, post-absorptive state | BMR |
| This is a higher, non-resting rate that takes muscular activity into account | TMR |
| BMR is about how many Calories a day? | 2,000 |
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