Disorders & Therapy
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100 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Psychological disorder | deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
| Medical model | the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured |
| DSM-IV-TR | the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition), a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated "text revision" |
| The "UN-DSM" | a diagnostic manual (classification system) of human strengths and virtues |
| bio-psycho-social perspective | a contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders |
| David Rosenhan | did study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting |
| diathesis-stress model | suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress |
| Anxiety disorders | psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
| Panic disorder | an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes- long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations |
| Panic attacks | a minutes- long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. Heart palpations, shortness of breath, chocking sensations, trembling, dizziness typically accompany |
| Agoraphobia | fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help might be unavailable when panic strikes |
| Phobia | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation |
| Social phobia | an intense fear of being scrutinized by others (extreme shyness) |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
| Mood disorders | psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes |
| Major depressive disorder | a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities |
| Dysthymic disorder | a down-in-the-dumps mood that fills most of the day, nearly every day, for two years or more |
| Mania | a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state |
| Bipolar disorder | a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
| Cyclothymic disorder | a mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder |
| Seasonal affective disorder | controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring |
| Self defeating beliefs | intensely negative assumptions about themselves, their situations, and their futures lead them to magnify bad experience and minimized good ones |
| Schizophrenia | a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions |
| Delusions | false beliefs, often persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders |
| Flat affect | a zombielike state of apparent apathy |
| Paranoid schizophrenia | Subtype of schizophrenia: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity |
| Disorganized schizophrenia | Subtype of schizophrenia: disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion |
| Catatonic schizophrenia | Subtype of schizophrenia: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements |
| Undifferentiated schizophrenia | type of schizophrenia that has many varied symptoms |
| Residual | withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared (related to schizophrenia) |
| Dopamine hypothesis | theory that schizophrenia is caused by an excess amount of dopamine in brain. Research has found that medication to reduce dopamine can reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
| Personality disorders | psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
| Borderline personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, identity, and impulsive emotions |
| Avoidant personality disorder | a personality disorder in which the person's fears of rejection by others leads to social isolation |
| Schizoid personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by social aloofness and limited range of emotional expression |
| Histrionic personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior; goes to great lengths to gain praise and reassurance of others |
| Narcissistic personality disorder | a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; finds criticism hard to accept and reacts with rage or shame |
| Antisocial personality disorder | a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of confidence for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist |
| Paranoidal personality disorder | traits include: suspicious; on the lookout for trick; jealous; blame others |
| Schizotypal personality disorder | (mild schizophrenia) traits include: agical thinking, superstitious, uses unusual words/ideas |
| Compulsive personality disorder | traits include: perfectionists; preoccupied with details, rules, schedules, serious & formal |
| Passive aggressive personality disorder | indirectly expresses anger, forgetful, stubborn, late |
| Dissociative disorders | disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings |
| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) | a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or distinct and alternating personalities (also called multiple personality disorder) |
| Somatoform disorders | disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists (psychological cause) |
| Hypochondriasis | a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease |
| Pain disorder | a somatoform disorder marked by complaints of severe pain with no physical cause |
| Conversion disorder | a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found |
| Undifferentiated somatoform disorder | characterized by unexplained physical complaints, lasting at least 6 months, that are below the threshold for a diagnosis of somatoform disorder |
| Body dysmorphic disorder | a somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagined ugliness that normal life is impossible |
| Depersonalization disorder | dissociative disorder in which individuals feel persistent and distressing feelings of being detached from one's mind or body |
| Dissociative amnesia | dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature |
| Localized amnesia | loss of memory for all of the events that occurred within a circumscribed period of time |
| Selective amnesia | loss of memory for some, but not all, of the events from a specific period of time |
| Generalized amnesia | loss of memory for events and information, including information pertaining to personal identity |
| Continuous amnesia | loss of memory that begins at a specific time, continues through to the present, and prevents the retention into memories of new experiences |
| Systematized amnesia | the loss of memory for a certain category of information |
| Anterograde amnesia | the inability to recall events that occurred after a trauma |
| Retrograde amnesia | the inability to recall events that occurred before a trauma |
| Psychogenic | originating from the mind or caused by psychological factors |
| Dissociative fugue | disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity |
| Psychotherapy | an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties |
| Biomedical therapy | prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system |
| Eclectic approach | an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
| Psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight |
| Resistance | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
| Interpretation | in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight |
| Transference | in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) |
| Psychodynamic therapy | therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight |
| Interpersonal psychotherapy | a variation of psychodynamic therapy that has been effective in treating depression |
| Client-centered therapy | a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth |
| Therapy | treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively |
| Active listening | empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy |
| Behavior therapy | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
| Counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning |
| Exposure therapies | behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things the fear and avoid |
| Systematic desensitization | a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias |
| Progressive relaxation | a technique of learning to relax by focusing on relaxing each of the body's muscle groups in turn |
| Virtual reality exposure therapy | an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking |
| Aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
| Token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats |
| Cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
| Cognitive-behavior therapy | a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing people) |
| Family therapy | therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication |
| Psychological therapies | therapies based on psychological principles (rather than on the biomedical approach); often called "psychotherapy" |
| Regression toward the mean | the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back toward their average |
| Meta-analysis | a procedure for statistical combining the results of many different research studies |
| Eye-movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR) | new treatment for PTSD, client imagines the traumatic event and processes it in a non-threatening manner |
| Light exposure therapy | treats seasonal affective disorder (SAD); scientifically proven to be effective, exposure to daily doses of intense light |
| Psychopharmacology | the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
| Tardive dyskinesia | involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) | the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
| Psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior |
| Lobotomy | a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain |
| Waxy flexability | one component in the bahavior of catationic schizophrenics where the body may be arranged to take any shape, even one that is probably very uncomfortable |
| Paraphilia (psychosexual disorder) | a sexual disorder in which the person's preferred method of sexual arousal and fulfillment is through sexual behavior that is unusual or socially unacceptable |
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