| Term | Definition |
| macron | (-); long sound (ate, bite, bone, huge) |
| Breve | a diacritical mark (u-curved) placed over a vowel to indicate a short sound |
| tilde | (~) changes 'n' to 'ny' sound |
| circumflex | (^) combination of rising and falling pitch (ball, cord) |
| Virgules | (/ /) slashes used to distinguish between a letter and a sound |
| schwa | upside down e, represents the letter sound of a word in the word alone |
| consanant blend | retains its own sound |
| diagraph | forms another sound (she, church, whom, sail) |
| dipthong | when the mouth changes from one place to another. |
| Ligature | a stroke or character type that connects two letters |