Essentials of Psychology 4th ed.: CH 13
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 social psychology | the scientific discipline that attempts to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals are influenced by others |
| social perception | the way we seek to know and understand other persons and events; also known as social cognition |
| impression formation | the process of integrating various sources of information about a person into an overall judgment |
| stereotypes | fixed ways of thinking about people that put them into categories and doesn't allow for individual variation |
| ingroup | a group to which we belong and that forms a part of our social identity |
| outgroup | any group with which we do not share membership |
| physical attractiveness stereotype | the belief that physically attractive individuals possess socially desirable personality traits and lead happier, more fulfilling lives that do less, attractive persons |
| prejudice | an attitude toward members of a specific group that directly or indirectly suggests they deserve an inferior social status |
| discrimination | a negative and/or patronizing action toward members of a specific social group |
| realistic group conflict theory | a theory of prejudice contending that when two groups compete for scarce resources this competition becomes a breeding ground for prejudice |
| ethnocentrism | a pattern of increased hostility toward outgroups, accompanied by increased loyalty to one's ingroup |
| intergroup anxiety | the tension and distress sometimes experienced when interacting with a person from a different social group |
| attribution | the process by which people use information to make inferences about the causes of behaviors or events |
| internal attribution | an attribution that locates the cause of an event in factors internal to the person, such as personality traits, moods, attitudes, abilities or effort |
| external attribution | an attribution that locates the cause of an event in factors external to the person, such as luck, other people, or the situation |
| covariation model | a theory of attribution asserting that people rely on consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness information when assigning causes for events |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency to make internal attributions over external attributions in explaining the behavior of others |
| attitudes | positive or negative evaluations of an object |
| mere exposure effect | the tendency to develop more positive feelings toward objects and individuals the more frequently we are exposed to them |
| persuasion | the process of consciously attempting to change attitudes through the transmission of some message |
| elaboration likelihood model | a theory that there are two ways in which persuasive messages can cause attitude change, each differing in the amount of cognitive effort or elaboration it requires |
| cognitive dissonance | a feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that is inconsistent with one's attitudes |
| social influence | the exercise of social power by a person or group to change the attitudes or behavior of others in a certain direction |
| conformity | a yielding to perceived group pressure |
| compliance | publicly acting in accord with a direct request |
| reciprocity norm | the expectation that one should return a favor or a good deed |
| obedience | the performance of an action in response to a direct order |
| instrumental aggression | the intentional use of harmful behavior so that one can achieve some other goal |
| hostile aggression | the intentional use of harmful behavior where the goal is simply to cause injury or death to the victim |
| cognitive-neoassociationist model | a theory of aggression stating that aversive events produce negative affect, which stimulates the inclination to aggress |
| audience inhibition effect | people are inhibited from helping due to a fear of being negatively evaluated by other bystanders if they intervene and it is not an emergency |
| diffusion of responsibility | the belief that the presence of others in a situation makes one less personally responsible for events that occur in that situation |
| matching hypothesis | the proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar to them in certain characteristics, such as attitudes and physical attractiveness |
| balance theory | a theory that people desire cognitive consistency or balance in their thoughts, feelings, and social relationships |
| passionate love | a state of intense longing for union with another that we typically experience most intensely during the early stages of a romantic relationship |
| companionate love | the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply entwined |
| jealousy | the negative emotional reaction experienced when a real or imagined rival threatens a relationship that is important to one's self-concept |
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