Hon. U.S. 1 - Ch. 11 Religion and Reform
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ilovethecity23 on April 22, 2012
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 American Renaissancce | a remarkable outpouring of first-class novels, poetry, and essays |
| transcendentalism | intellectual movement that posited the importance of an ideal world of mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the senses; called for critical examination of society and empasized individuality, self-reliance, and noncomformity. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | A New England essayist and philospher; leading voice of transcendentalism; celebrated the liberation of the individual |
| European Romanticism | a new conception of self and society; used for inspiration by Emerson |
| Romantic Thinkers | German philosopher Immanuel Kant and English Poet Samuel Taylor Coleriidge; rejected the ordered, rational world of the 18th century Enlightenment; embraced human passion and sought deeper insight into mysteries of existence |
| lyceum movement | modeled on public forum of ancient Greek Philosopher Aristotle; became important cultural institution in the North and Midwest - but not in the South, whewre middle-class was smaller and popular education had lower priority |
| Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) | Young New Engalnd intellectual; heeded Emerson's call and sought inspiration from natural world; publish "Walden, of Life in the Woods," an account of his search for meaning beyond the artificiality of civilized society; advocated southern nonconformity and civil disobedience against unjust laws - a thoroughgoing individuality |
| Margaret Fuller (1810-1850) | explored the possibilites of freedom for women; embraced Emerson's ideas; started a transcendental "conversation" for educated Boston women in 1839; while editing leading transcendentalist journal, The Dial, she published "Women in the 19th Century (1844) - it proclaimed that a "new era" was changing the relationships between men and women; philosophy began from transcendental principle that all people - women as well as men - could develop a life-affirming mystical relationship with God; every woman deserved psychological and social independence: ability to grow as an intellect, to discern as a soul, to live freely and unimpeded; she became literary critic of NY Tribune and traveled to Italy to report on Revolution of 1848; 1850 she drowned in a shipwreck route home to U.S. |
| Walt Whitman (1819-1892) | worked as printer, teacher, journalist, editor of Brooklyn Eagle, and influential publicist for Democratic Party; poetry was the direction of his dreams; In "Leaves of Grass" a collection of wild, exuberant poems first published in 1855 and constantly revised and expanded Whitman recorded in verse his efforts to transcend various "invisible boundaries": between solitude and community, between prose and poetry, even between the living and the dead; b/c he has no Emersonian "origin relation" with nature, Whitman claims perfect communion with others |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | great novelist; influenced by Emerson's writings; explored theme of excessive individualism in his novel "The Scarlet Letter," (1850) |
| Herman Melville | great novelist; influended by Emerson's writings; explored limits of indiviualism in more extreme and tragic terms and emerged as scathing critic of transcendentalism; most powerful statement was "Moby Dick," (1851) - story of captain Ahab's obsessive hunt for a mysterious white male that ends n deah for Ahab and all but one member of his crew; Moby Dick was a commercial failure |
| Utopias | ideal communities; used by transcendentalists and other reformers to escape life in America's emerging market society |
| Brook Farm | most important transcendentalist communal experiment; founded aside Boston in 1841; life at Brook Farm was electric; economic failure; Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller were residents or frequent visitors; residents hoped to escape ups and downs of the market economy by producing their own food and exchanging their surplus milk, vegetables, and hay for manufacturers; most members were ministers, teachers, writers, and students who has few farming skils; only cash of afluent residents kept the enterprise aflout; 1846- devastating fire- organizers disbanded community and sold farm; emersonians abandoned their quest for new social system; accepted brute reality of eergent industrial order and tried to reform it through education of workers and movement to abolish slavery |
| Rural Comunalism and Urban Popular culture | 1,000s of Americans were joining communal settlements in rural areas of Northest and Midwest; many communalists were farmers and artisans seeking refuge during economic depression that began with panic of 1837 and lasted 7 years; communalists challenged capitalists values and traditional gender roles; tens of thousans of rural Americans and European immigrants poured into larger cities of U.S. - created popular culture that challenged sexual norms, reinforced traditional racist feelings, and encouraged new styles of dress and behavior |
| Ann Lee Stanly | a young cook in Manchester, England; had vision that she was an incarnation of Chirst and secual lust had caused Adam and Eve to be banished fro the Garden of Eden; led followers to America and est. a church near Albany, NY; After death, shakers honored her as 2nd coming of Christ, withdrew from aofone world, and formed disciplined religious communities |
| Shakers | first successful American communal movement; b/c of ecstatic dances that were part of their worship, sect became known as "Shakers"; members embraced common ownership of property, accepted strict oversight by Church leaders, and pledged to abstain from alcohol, tobacco, politics, and war; also repudiated sexual pleasure and marriage; held that God was "a dual person, male and female - doctrine prompted shakers to repudiate male leadership and to place community goverance in hands of both women and men - eldresses and elders; agricultural crafts, esp. furniture making, acquired reputation for quality that made most Shaker communities self-sustaining and more comfortable; relied on conversion and adoption of thousands of young orphans to increase their numbers; began to decline in 1840s; 1900 - shakers virtually disappeared |
| Two evils | 1. market economy 2. Puritans |
| Psychological independence | depending on one self, being confident |
| social independence | being different |
| Mormons | members of chuch of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day saints; were religious utopians with conservative social agenda: to perpectuate close-knit communities and patriarchial power; b/c of their conesiveness and size, the mormons provoked more animosity than radical utopians did |
| Joseph Smith (1805-1844) | founder of Latter-Day church; born in vermont to poor farming and shop keepng family that migrated to Palmyra in Central NY; believed God had singled him out to recieve speical revelation of divine truth; 1830 - publised "The Book of Mormon," which he claimed to have translated from ancient hieroglyphics on gold plates shown to him by an angel named Moroni - the Book told stroy of ancient civilizations from Middle East that migrated to Western Hemisphere and visit of Jesus Christ, soon after his resurrection to one of them; his account explained presence of native peoples in the Americas and integrated them into the Judeo-Chrisian tradition; encouraged practices that led to individual sucess in age of capitalist markets and factories: frugality, hardwork, and enterprise; stressed communal discipline to safeguard Mormon "New Jerusalem" from individualismm and revival religioius doctrines; goal was to create a church-directed society that would ensure moral perfection; claimed to have recieved new revelation justifying polygamy |
| polygamy | practice of a man having multiple wives |
| frugality | spending money wisely |
| enterprise | smart decisions in business |
| Brigham Young | smith's leading disciple and an energetic missionary; led about 6,500 Mormon's fled the U.S.; they croessed Great Plains into Mexican Territory and setled in Great Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah; using cooperative labor and an irrigation system based on communal water rights, the Mormon pioneers quickly spread planned agricultural communities along base of wasatch Range; became Govenor of small Utah Territory; ruled in an authoritarian fashion, determined to ensure ascendancy of Mormon Church and its practices |
| Joseph Smith III | Smith's son; led those who formed the reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and settled throughout the Midwest |
| James Buchanan | president; dispatched small amry to Utah; longtime supporter of white south; feared that forced abolition of polygamy would serve as a precedent for ending slavery; offered Pardon to Utah citizens who owuld acknowledge federal uthority, an offer accepted by young and other leaders in order to prolong Mormon rule |
| Mormon War | When U.S. acquired title to Mexico's northern territories in 1848, Salt Lake Mormons petitioned congress to create vast new state, desert, which would stretch from Utah to Pacific Coast; instead, congress set up much smaller Utah territory in 1850 and named Brigham Young its Govenor; by 1856, Young and Utah territorial legislature were openly vowing to resist federal lawes that were "of right not in force in this territory."; pressed by protestant churches to end polygamy and considering Mormon's threat of nullification "a declaration of war," administration of president James Buchanan dispatched small army to Utah; As Nauovoo Legion resisted army's advance, aggressive Mormon militia massacred Party of 120 California - bound emigrants and murdered suspicious travelors and Mormon's seeking to flee young's regime; Mormon war ended quietly in June 1858 |
| Abolitionism | drew on religious enthusiasm of Second Great Awakening* (use in essay if it is question) & language of Protest changed accordingly; around 1800- antislavery activists assailed human bondage as contrary to republicanism and liberty; by 1830s white abolitionists were condemning slavery as a sin;their demands for its immediate end led to fierce political debates, urban riots, and sectional conflicts |
| social uplift | leading African Americans in north advocated strategy of social uplift; encouraged free blacks to "elevate" themselves through education, temperance, and hard work; by securing "respectability" they argued blacks could become social equals of whites |
| James Forten | black leader; Philedelphia sailmaker; founded an array of churches, schools, and self-help associations to promote goal of social uplift |
| Prince Hall | black leader; Boston barber; founded an array of churches, schools, and self-help associations to promote goal of social uplift |
| Hosea Easton | black leader; minister; founded an array of churches, schools, and self-help associations to promote goal of social uplift |
| Richard Allen | black leader; minister; founded an array of churches, schools, and self-help associations to promote goal of social uplift |
| John Russwurm | from NY; published first African American newspaper, "Freedoms Journal" |
| Samuel D. Cornish | from NY; published first African American newspaper, "Freedoms Journal" |
| David Walker | free black from North Carolina who moved to Bosten where he had sold secondhand clothes and copies of Freedom's journal; published stirring pamphlet: An appeal... to the colored citizens of the world (1829) - its goal was to protest black wretchedness in this republican Land of liberty; used history and morality to attack racrial slavery; appeal rediculed religious pretensions of slaveholders, justified slave rebellion, and in biblical language warned of slave revolt if justice were delayed; 1830, walker and other Aferican american activists called national convention in Philedelphia; new generation of activists demanded freedom and "race - equality" for all those of African descent; urged free blacks to use every legal means, including petitions and other forms of political protest to break the shackles of slavery." |
| Nat Turner | slave in Southampton county, Virginia, staged revolt - had farreaching consequences; taught himself to read and hoped for emancipation; one new master forced him into fields and another seperated him from his wife; 1831 turner and handful of relatives and friends rose in rebellion and killed at least 55 white men, women, and children; hoped hundreds of slaves would rally to his cause, but mastered only 60 men; white militia dispersed his poorly armed force and took their revenge; one company of cavalry killed to blacks in two days ad put heads of 15 of them on poles to warn "all those who should undertake a similar plot"; Turner died by hanging, still identifying his mission with that of his Savior. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | most determined abolitionist; Massachusetts borner printer; worked in Baltimore helping to publish the Genius of Universal Emancipation, an antislavery newspaper; 1830 - went to jail; convicted of libeling a New England merchant engaged in domestic slave trade; following year, moved to Boston, stated his own weekly, The Lberator, and founded New England Anti-Slavery society |
| The Liberator | est. by William Lloyd Garrison; demanded immediate abolition with out compensation to slaveholders |
| Thoedore Weld | est. American Anti-slavery Society; published The Bible against slavery - used passages from Christianity's holiest book to discredit slavery |
| Anti-Slavery Society | est. by Garrison, Theodore Weld, and 60 other abolitionists black & white; recieved financial support from Arthur and Lewis Tappen |
| Arthur & Lewis Tappan | wealthy silk merchants in NY city |
| Philedelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society | est. by women abolitionists; founded by Lucretia Mott in 1833 |
| Anti-slavery society conventions of American women | network of local societies |
| Grimke sisters | Angelina and Sarah; left their father's plantation in South Carolina, converted to Quakerism, and took up abolitionist cause in Philedelphia |
| Underground railroads | informal network of whites and free blacks in Richond, Charlestown, and other southern towns that assisted fugitives from Lower South |
| Fredrick Douglas | recieved identification papers from a free African American sailor and used them to escape NY |
| Harriet Tubman | risked reenslavement or death by returning repeatedly to South to help others escape |
| Fugitive Slave Law (1793) | allowed owners and their hired slave cetchers to seize suspected runaways and return them to bondage |
| "Resistance to Civil Government" | published in 1848 by Thoreau; an essay urging individuals to follow higher moral law |
| Henry Highland Garnet | black abolitionist; his address to the slaves of the United States of America (1841) called for "Liberty or Death" and urged slave "Resistance! Resistance! Resistance!" |
| Amalgamation | the racial mixing and intermarriage that Garrison seemed to support by holding meetings of blacks and whites or both sexes; opposed almost universally by white |
| Attacks on Abolitionism | wealthy men feared attack on slave property might become an assault on all property rights, conservative clergymen condemned public roles assumed by abolitionist women and northern merchants and textile manufacturers supported southern planters who supplied them with coton; northern wage earners feared freed blacks would work for lower wages and take their jobs; racial fears and hatreds led to violent mob actions; 1833 mob of 1,500 NY stormed a Church in search of Garrison and Arthur Tappan; white mob swept through Philedelphia's African American neighborhoods, clubbing and stoning residents and destroying homes and churches; fearing change, "gentlemen of proptery and standing" - lawyers, merchants, and bankers - broke up abolitionist convention in Utica, NY, in 1835; by pressing for emancipitation and equality, abolitionists revealed extent of racial prejudice and deep white resistance to accepting "respectable" blacks into middle class; racial solidarity was especially strong in the South, where whites banned abolitionists and demanded northern states to do the same |
| Andrew Jackson | longtime slaveowner; asked Congress in 1835 to restrict use of mails by abolitionist groups; congress refused |
| Gag rule | 1836 - adopted by House of representatives; antislavery petitions to House were automatically tabled and not discussed, keeping explosive issue of slavery off congressional stage |
| Amiercan and Foreign ant-slavery society | focused its energies on ending slavery through political means; its members mobilized their churches to oppose racial bondage and organized Liberty Party |
| Liberty Party | first anti-slavery political party |
| James G. Birney | a former Alabama slave owner; 1840- Liberty Party nominated him for president; argued constitution did not recognize slavery and slaves automatically became free when they entered areas of federal authority, inclusing District of Columbia and national territories |
| Mary Walker Ostram | helped find 1rst Sunday school in Utica, NY; married to lawyer - politican and childless; devoted life to evangelical presbyterians and its program of benevaent social reform; minister Philemon Fowler celebrated Ostram as "living fountain" of faith, exempler of "women's sphere of influence" in world |
| Reverend Philemon Fowler | rejected public presence for women; thought women should limit their political role to that of "republican mother," instructing "their sons in the principles of liberty and government."; he said women inhabited seperate sphere and had no place in makets of trade, the scenes of politics and popular agitation, courts of justice and halls of legislation |
| seperate spheres | 19th century view that men and women have different gender - defined characteristics and the sexes inhabit - & should inhabit different social worlds |
| Godey's Laby's Book | popular monthly periodical |
| Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841) | published by Catherine Beecher; taught women how to make their homes examples of middle-class efficiency and domesticity |
| Independent Order of Good Templars | to protect their homes and husbands from alcoholic excess, women joined Independent Order of Good Templars; a family oriented temperance organization in which they were full members |
| Female Moral Reform Society | 1834 - group of middle-class women in NY city; elected Lydia Finney, wife of revivalist Charles Grandison Finney, as president; society tried to curb prostitution in NY sity and protext single women from moral corruption; members demanded chastity for men as well as women; 1840 society grew into nation association, with 555 chapters and 40,000 members throughout North and midwest; provided moral quidance for young women who were living away from their families and working as factory operative, seamstresses, or servants |
| Dorothea Dix (1801-1887) | emotionally abused as child; grew into compassionate young woman with strong sense of moral purpose; used money from grandparents to set up charity schools to "rescue some of America's miserable children from vice" and became successful author; 1832 - published 7 books, inclusing "Conversations on Common things," a successful treatise on natural science and moral improvement |
| Horace Mann | secretary of Massachusetts Board of education from 1837-1848; lengthened school year; established teaching standards in reading, writing, and arithmetic; and recruited well-educated women as teachers |
| Catherine Beecher | intellectual leader of new women educators; founded acedemics for young women in Hartford, Conneticut, and in Cincinnati, Ohio; argued "energetic and benevolent women" were better qualified than men were to impart moral and intellectual instruction to young; by 1850s most teachers were women because of local school boards heeded Beechers arguements and they could hire women at lower salaries then men |
| Maria W. Stewart | African American who spoke to mixed audiances of men and women in Boston in early 1830s |
| Harriet Jacobs | black abolitionist; in her autobiography "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" described being forced to sexual relations with white owner; such sexual assaults were compunded by cruel treatment they suffered at hands of their owners wives, who were enraged by their husbands promiscurity |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | published "Uncle Tom's Cabin"; charged one of greatest moral failings of slavery was degradation of slave women |
| NY statute of 1848 | gave women full legal control over property they brought to a marriage |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | organized gathering of women's right activists in small NY town of Seneca Falls with Lucretia Mott; 70 women and 30 men attended meeting, which issued rousing manifesto that extended egalitarian republican ideology of Declaration of Independence to women |
| Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) | most prominent political operative; came from Quaker family, acquired political skills in temperance and anti-slavery movements as a young women; those experiences taught her the great evil of woman's utter dependence on man; joining woman's right movement, worked closely with Elizabeth Cady Stanton; anthony created activist network of politcal "captains," all women, who relentlessly lobbied state legislatures; 1860 - efforts secured NY law granting women right to control their own wages; to own property acquired by trade, business, labors, or services, and it widowed, to assume sole guardship of their children |
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