Emerging Diseases/ Homo Sapein success
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21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 disease reservoir | a disease can persist in an animal host without the presence of humans, also called zoonosis |
| disease vector | any organism that can transmit a disease agent from one human to another human, can not complete its life-cycle in non-human host |
| genetic diversity | the total genetic information contained within all individuals of a species |
| ecosystem diversity | the variety of biotic communities in a region, along with abiotic components such as soil, water, and nutrients |
| emerging infectious disease | a new, re-emerging or drug-resistant infection whose incidence has increased in the last 20 years and whose incidence is likely to increase in the future |
| spread of disease | 1. the frequency of contact between susceptible and infected 2. the efficiency with which disease is transmitted 3. the infectious period |
| basic reproductive ratio | the number of secondary cases of disease that result from a single infected individual entering a population of susceptible individuals = transmission efficiency x infectious period |
| modes of disease transmission | 1. inanimate objects (water, food) 2. person to person 3. animal vectors |
| bacteria | majority of EIDs |
| zoonotic pathogens | 60% of EIDS-->majority associated with WILD...coming into contact w/ species not usually in contact with increases susceptibility |
| increase incidence of vector-borne EIDS | due in part to climate change-->as avg temp warm and changes in precip occur, geographic ranges in mosquitos changing |
| antibiotic resistance | has increased in last 3 decades, associated w/ population size, population growth and latitude-->more in developed countries |
| tuberculosis | airborne, no-vector, bacterial -encapsulated bacteria difficult to kill and requires long periods of treatment -many dont complete antibiotic treatments -cases can be asymptomatic -crowded conditions foster spread -immune-comprised at particular risk |
| cholera | water borne, bacterial, infects intestinal tract, emerges during periods of social disruption-->increasing stress placed on supplies of freshwater, sanitation, healthcare (stresses arise from pop growth, urbanization, changes in weather patterns) |
| dengue fever virus | vector, only effects humans, sever head/muscle aches, transmitted by tropical mosquitos, humans transporting disease vectors all over globe, increasing global temps facilitating range of expansion of "tropical" mosquito vectors |
| west nile virus | reservoir, zoonosis, natural hosts are birds (many of which dont show symptoms), native mosquitos can serve as vectors, flu-like symptoms-->humans have transported it around globe to areas with high zoonotic hosts |
| threats to ecosystems | elevated greenhouse gases and climate change, eutrophication |
| threats to ecological communities | loss of species (extinctions)-->habitat destruction, over-exploitation, natural causes, species interactions, pollution |
| threats to genetic resources | genetic drift, inbreeding, reduced ability to evolve in response to environmental change |
| ecological theory | population growth often limited by resource availability-->bigger areas support more species and larger populations-->non-isolated reserves better |
| interdisciplinary approach to solving environmental issues | need help of policy makers, politicians, and resource managers |
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