General Chemistry I: Test 1 Terms and Ideas
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Created by:
wakefieldv Plus on September 17, 2009
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MOA morning class wasaga Beach
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66 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 OFLET | OBSERVATIONS lead to FACTS which are summarized into LAWS which are EXPLAINED by THEORIES |
| Law | a general statement based on observations to which no exceptions are known |
| Theory | an explanation for a law |
| Physical Property | properties that do not change composition when measured |
| Chemical Property | properties observed when matter changes composition |
| Chemistry: | Chemistry is a central, empirical science that studies the physical and chemistry properties of matter, the physical and chemical changes matter undergoes and the energy associated with those changes. |
| Specific Heat | the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a specific amount of a substance one degree Celsius with no change in state. Expressed in J/g. |
| Chemical Formula | composition of elemental symbols that indicates the chemical composition of a substance |
| Density | mass per unit volume |
| Atoms | the smallest particle of an element that maintains its chemical identity through all chemical and physical changes |
| Molecules | the smallest particle of an element that can have a stable independent existence |
| Atomic Weight | weighted average of the masses of the constituent isotopes of an element; the relative mass of atoms of different elements |
| Ion | an atom or group of atoms that carries a charge |
| Structural Formula | a representation that shows how atoms are connected in a compound |
| Reactants | substances consumed in a chemical reaction |
| Products | substances produced in a chemical reaction |
| Simplest Formula | the smallest whole-number ration fo atoms present in a compound (aka empirical formula) |
| Molecular Formula | a formula that indicates the actual number of atoms present in a molecule of a molecular substance |
| Atomic Mass Unit | a unit used for stating atomic and formula weights (one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of the carbon-12 isotope) |
| Mole | 6.022 x 10^23 (Avogadro's number) of a substance. the mass in grams of one mole is equal to the molecular weight of the substance |
| Limiting Reactant | a substance that stoichiometrically limits the amount of products that can be formed in a reaction |
| Chemical Change | a change in which one or more new substances are formed |
| Kinetic Energy | energy that matter possesses by virtue of its motion |
| Potential Energy | energy that matter possesses by virtue of its position |
| Gas | state of matter that moves to fill its entire container |
| Liquid | state of matter that has a set fluid volume |
| Solid | state of matter that is rigid and holds its shape |
| Matter | anything that has mass and can be observed (with some exceptions: light) |
| Water* | H2O |
| Hydrogen Peroxide* | H2O2 |
| Sulfuric Acid* | H2SO4 |
| Nitric Acid* | HNO3 |
| Acetic Acid* | CH3COOH |
| Ammonia* | NH3 |
| Carbon Monoxide* | CO |
| Carbon Dioxide* | CO2 |
| Sulfur Dioxide* | SO2 |
| Sulfur Trioxide* | SO3 |
| Methane* | CH4 |
| Ethane* | C2H6 |
| Propane* | C3H8 |
| Butane* | C4H10 |
| Pentane* | C5H12 |
| Methanol* | CH3OH |
| Ethanol* | CH3CH2OH |
| Hydrocarbon + O2 ---> | CO2 + H2O |
| Law of Constant Composition | different samples of any pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reactions or in a physical change, it must be changed from one form to another |
| Law of Conservation of Matter | no detectable change occurs in the total quantity of matter during a chemical reaction or a physical change |
| Dalton's Theory | 1. made of atoms 2. atoms are identical and differentiable 3. atoms cannot be created or destroyed or transformed 4. compounds in whole number ratios 5. compound's atoms are constant |
| Theoretical Yield Concept | * |
| Mass of Reactants Concept | * |
| Percent Yield Formula | * |
| Finding Molecular Weights from Atomic Weights | * |
| Finding the Simplest Formula given Elemental Percentages | * |
| Identifying Limiting Reactants | * |
| Calculate the Specific Heat from Temp changes | (heat in J)/(mass)(temperature change in C) |
| Know Mole Concepts | * |
| Finding Percent Composition from Formula | =(g of x)/(g of total) x 100% |
| Tips on how to balance molecular equations | 1. one timers 2. common elements across compounds (biggest coefficient first) 3. free/uncombined elements go last |
| Know how to distinguish between phases at macroscopic level | Macroscopically, what distinguishes a solid? hardness, shape is maintained what distinguishes a liquid? adapts to container shape what distinguishes a gas? occupies entire volume of container |
| Know how to distinguish between phases at microscopic level | Macroscopically, what distinguishes a solid? hardness, shape is maintained what distinguishes a liquid? adapts to container shape what distinguishes a gas? occupies entire volume of container |
| Physical Change | a change in matter than does not alter composition or identity |
| Percent Yield | =(actual yield)/(theoretical yield) x 100% |
| Molarity | =(number of moles of a solute)/(number of liters of a solution) |
| Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy | the amount of matter and energy in the universe is fixed |
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