AP Euro: The Nineteenth Century
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Created by:
NetaSanders on April 23, 2012
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nationalism, imperialism, revolution, romanticism, liberalism and the industrial revolution
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57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 July Ordinances | This ruling was passed by Charles X in France in an attempt to restore the Ancient Regime. It denied civil liberties such as denying freedom of the press and dissolving the legislature. |
| Nicholas I | (1825-1855) Russian Tsar that succeeced Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them. This czar ruled by autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationalism. He started the Crimean war |
| Prince Metternich | Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna |
| Queen Victoria | reign from 1837-1901 was the longest in English history. Her sense of duty and moral respectability reflected the attitudes of her age, which has ever been known as th Victorian age. British feeling of national pride. |
| Frederick William IV | Prussian king who refused to turn his troops on his own people, called for a written constitution and worked to aid the movement toward German unification |
| Charles X | French King who set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of ultraroyalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in the legislative assembly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances, which was designed to dissolve the assembly, end press freedom, and restrict voting rights |
| Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. It wasn't good because they refused to recognize the strength of nationalism and French revolutionary values and ideals. |
| 1820 Revolutions | Governments were overthrown in Spain and Naples |
| Burschenschaften | Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles. Nationalism! |
| Principle of Legitimacy | At the Congress of Vienna. Restored the monarchs previously dethroned by Napoleon. |
| Eastern Question | The "question" posed by the Great Powers about the future of the Ottoman territories. |
| The Decembrist Revolt | 3,000 army officers tried to overthrow the czar Nicholas I's government in December, 1825. Hoped to set up a constitutional monarchy with his brother Constantine. Was the first rebellion in modern Russian history whose instigators had specific political goals. |
| British Corn Laws | Imposed high tariffs on imported grain British farmers and landowners benefited but tariffs made bread more expensive caused fierce debate repealed in 1846. Aimed to protect the interests of British grain producers from foreign imports. |
| Romantic Movement | It sympathized with revolts against oppression, it placed great emphasis upon the individual, it called for social reform, and it instilled a reverence for nature. Isolated individual in heroic struggle. |
| Revolutions of 1848 resulted in...? | the end of the age of romantic revolution |
| Liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning/industrial middle classes. |
| Frankfurt Assembly | German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany. Failed because it did not resolve the contradictions between liberalism and nationalism in the building of a German state. |
| French Revolution 1848 | Overthrew the monarchy established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. |
| Concert of Europe | a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions. Recognized that war had become too dangerous a luxury for Europe to afford. Ended as a result of the Crimean War. |
| Count Henri de Saint-Simon | one of the most influential early socialist thinkers-nobleman-optimistically proclaimed the tremendous possibilities of industrial development-the key to progress was proper social organization-parasites give way to doers-also stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social institution ought to have as its main goal improved conditions for the poor |
| Protocol of Troppau | Stable governments could intervene to restore order in countries experiencing revolution |
| King Louis-Philippe | proclaimed king in 1830 after Charles X was forced to abdicate.French king that acted like the bourgeoisie, banned young children from working, and enacted the Education Law (literate workers); forced to abdicate in 1848 and lived out his life in exile in England. he increased the number of voters, in public he dressed in the clothes of an industrialist, his strongest supporters were upper middle class businessmen, he introduced policies that favored the bourgeoisie. |
| Utopian socialism | cooperative living might create a better environment for people |
| Six Acts | December, 1819. Parliament adopted these repressive acts: 1. Restricted Freedom of Speech and Assembly and other civil liberties 2. Increased taxes on newspapers 3. Established fines for seditious libel 4. Expanded right of search by police 5. Promoted speedy trial 6. Allowed for harsh punishment. |
| Reform Bill of 1832 | Extended the vote to men who owned or rented property worth an annual rate of 10 pounds or more; excluded agricultural laborers and industrial workers; also eliminated some rotten boroughs |
| George Hegel | German philosopher and author. A believer in universal consciousness, he also believed that history was a goal- driven process. A part of this process was the dialectic, which implied that all of history was an unfolding of events in a clear direction, or that all things happen for a reason. He believed that history takes place because of deep structural changes rather than by individuals or chance events, and that ideas precede and generate actualities. |
| Carlsbad Decree | Oppressive decrees issued by the German Diet in 1819 to censor the press and restrict academic freedom. |
| Ultra-Royalists | The most fanatical enemies of the Revolution, who launched the "White Terror" against the supporters of Napoleon. King Louis's supporters |
| Chartism | The movement of supporters of the People's Charter (drawn up in Britian in 1838), which sought to transform Britain into a democracy and demanded universal suffrage for men, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimination of property qualifications for and the payment of stipends to members of Parliament. |
| Edmund Burke | British writer who attacked the Revolution as application of blind rationalism that ignored historic realities of political development. Father of modern conservatism. Noted for his emphasis on tradition |
| Charter of 1814 | Passed by Louis XVIII, it recognized equality before the law, accepted the Napoleanic Code, granted freedom of the press and established The Chamber of Deputies and The Chamber of Peers. |
| Carbonari | A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots. Called for a unified Italy and republicanism after 1815 |
| Russification | The process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | A radical idealistic patriot who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of the people in Italy |
| French Revolution 1830 | A successful 19c rebellion against the French monarchy over the discontent of the people towards Charles X, who failed to uphold the principles promulgated in the Charter of 1814. |
| Pan-Slavism | Sought to unite all slavic nations under one rule. Poland, Bulgaria, Russia, Czech. |
| William Glastone | (Term: 1868-1874) Opened the Anglican church to other classes and religions Replaced patronage for civil service Abolished the purchase of officers' commissions in the army Removed religious requirements from Oxford and Cambridge The Ballot Act of 1872 • Voting by secret ballot Education Act of 1870 • The government began creating elementary schools in England (a job that was previously controlled by religious denomonations) 1884- A third reform act gave more voting rights for the farm workers Created a Church of Ireland to appease their need for home rule (The Irish wanted control of the local government) The government provided compensation for evicted Irish farmers and provided loans for any other farmers who wanted to buy land (1870) • In 1885 the Irish group in the House of Commons was the vote that could decide between liberal and conservative power when voting • In December of 1885 Gladstone announced his support for Irish home rule This decision split liberals and ultimately ended in conservative power |
| Benjamin Disraeli | (Conservative) Introduced a reform bill in 1867 which ended up 1.43 million people to 2.47 million He wanted to appease the working and middle classes in order to give their support for the conservatives Yet, in the election of 1868 Disraeli failed to become prime minister and lost to Gladstone (Term: 1874-1880) Public health Act of 1875 • Allowed the government to interfere with private property in order to ensure health regulations Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875 • Government provided homes for the working class |
| Bismarck | (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. Delivers "blood and iron" speech. Foreign policy was maintain the diplomatic isolation of France. |
| Kulturkampf | Bismarck's "battle for civilization," in which his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church |
| Unification of Italy | Primarily due to the success of Cavour and Garibaldi together with the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. |
| Risorgimento | The name of the movement to unify Italy. |
| Count Camillo Cavour | Prime minister of Sardinia (northern Italy) who vowed to drive out the Austrians and worked towards a united Italy. Made a military alliance with France against Austria to help drive them out. |
| The Catholic Emancipation Act | Allowed Roman Catholics to hold public office in England |
| Act of Union of 1801 | Ireland lost its own legislature and instead sent representatives to London |
| Compromise of 1867 | Made the Habsburg Empire into a dual-monarchy |
| Treaty of Frankfurt | This treaty ended the Franco-Prussian War. By this treaty, France (the loser): a) ceded to Germany the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine (rich in coal and iron and inhabited by many French people); b) agreed to pay Germany a huge war indemnity; c) consented to military occupation until the indemnity was paid. By treating the French this harshly, Bismarck planted the seeds of World War I. |
| Crimean War | Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. Brought about freeing of the serfs in Russia, focusing of international attention on the Italian question, growth of nationalism in Rumania, reform of the British army. |
| Paris Commune | The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government. |
| Realpolitik | "Realistic politics," Practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles. Used by Bismarck and Cavour |
| Schelswig-Holstein | The Treaty of Vienna established a union between these two duchies under the administration of Prussia and Austria. |
| Red Shirts | Nationalistic group/army created and led by Guiseppe Garibaldi to end foreign control of Italy during the 19th century. |
| Lajos Kossuth | Leader of the Radical party in the Hungarian diet; inspired revolution in Vienna with his speech on the virtues of liberty (March 3, 1848); his national party in Hungary enacted the March Laws (Mar. 15, 1848), which constitutionally separated Hungary from the rest of the empire, while still recognizing the Habsburg house |
| Treaty of Prague | Formally ended the Austro-Prussian War. Austria lost Venetia to Napoleon III, who in turn gave it to Italy. The treaty and the military defeat permanently excluded the Habsburgs from German affairs, making Prussia the dominant power among German states. As a result of this treaty, Austria was eliminated as a dominant threat to the German states; the German Confederation was dissloved. |
| Rhineland | Territory between France and Germany. |
| Victor Emmanuel II | King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the Vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy. |
| Plombieres | Cavour and Napolean III's secret meeting where they decided to fight Austria together, Italy would get land, France would get influence |
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