Exam 3: Aggression
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Created by:
bballbrunette827 on April 23, 2012
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26 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 instrumental aggression | inflicting harm for purpose of personal gain ex. beating someone up to steal his money |
| emotional aggression | aggression for its own sake ex. impulsive, out of rage |
| southern culture of honor | compared northern and southern-born Ps, while walking down hallway, bumped into and insulted by confederate (asshole), southerners had higher physiological symptoms of agitation, higher levels of testosterone, more aggressive behaviors later (handshake) |
| gender differences | seems universal that men more violent than women (instigate more), young children vary by gender in preference for violent play women more likely to engage in relational aggression (manipulating, spreading gossip when provoked or anonymous (video game), gender differences disappear |
| evolutionary explanations | female aggression often protects offspring, male aggression often protects status, ensures paternity |
| hormonal explanations | positive correlation with testosterone |
| social learning theory | punching dolls, kids watch adult interact with Bobo doll (aggressive or not), then the child interacts, exposure to aggressive modeling makes kids more aggressive, more guns, hostile language, chose aggressive games instead of other ones, children not exposed to that never showed novel forms of aggression |
| nurture explanations | reinforcement, punishment (immediate, strong enough to deter, consistent and fair) |
| media and violence | positive correlations |
| desensitization/habituation | when we adapt to something, arousal diminishes |
| cultivation | media creates alternative social reality for us ex. people can trade huge punches for long time and be fine, people can get shot and keep walking around |
| effects of pornography | positive correlation with sexually aggressive attitudes/behavior leads to arousal normally (misattribution, excitation transfer) trivializes rape, objectifies women (social learning theory), female victims depicted as enjoying violence leads to increased aggression without provocation |
| frustration-aggression hypothesis (original idea) | displacement + catharsis frustration always elicits motive to aggress, all aggression caused by frustration (will channel or agress) |
| displacement | taking aggression out on someone else ex. on younger siblings instead of parents |
| catharsis | decreasing likelihood of aggression by imagining/observing it ex. boxing class, punching a pillow, safe release |
| cultural differences | • Crimes are higher in the Americas than in many other regions in the world: relatively high rate of single parenthood o Violent crime is lower in US than UK, but more murders because of gun-attitudes o US deals with individuals rather than groups • Individualistic, less concerned with harmony, more aggression vs. collectivist • Certain places view forms of aggression as more or less acceptable, based on culture, not geography (Israeli Hews/Arabs) |
| individual differences | there are stable differences among individuals, can be predicted from childhood behavior aggressive = people who tend to hold hostile cognitions, express anger, and exhibit irritability with provocation, people with emotional susceptibility (tendency to feel distressed, vulnerable to perceived threats), narcissism (unstable self-esteem), type A personality (driven by feelings of inadequacy), impulsivity |
| narcissism | with provocation, correlates with aggression |
| arousal | excitation transfer |
| situational cues | presence of a weapon can act as a situational cue that automatically triggers aggressive thoughts and feelings, thereby increasing the likelihood of aggression (weapons effect) different effects hunters vs. non-hunters, hunting guns vs. assault guns |
| cognitive control | weigh costs/benefits of fighting aggression can be contagious, or based on moral values, based on others perceived intentions |
| hostile attribution bias | tend to perceive hostile intent in others, cycle, social rejection |
| alcohol | makes it more difficult to engage in high-order cognition that inhibits aggression reduces anxiety, lowers people's inhibitions against aggressing, expectations disrupts the way we process information |
| reducing violence: situational | reducing stressors such as frustration, discomfort, and provocation reduce number of guns, teaching and modeling nonviolent responses to frustrations and social problems, encouraging thought responses such as humor and relaxation cooperation and shared goals across groups reduce inter-group hostility crack down on small acts of vandalism, reward pro-social behavior |
| reducing violence: media | government censorship, not too popular use public pressure to increase media self-censorship, commercial boycott, education |
| reducing violence: intimate violence | rape myth busting education, sex education programs that emphasize the desirability of being respectful and considerate toward one's sexual partner are important tools in reducing sexual aggression preventing and treating alcohol abuse, laws and programs that protect victims of abuse, effective communication (jealousy, distrust) association between poverty and child mal-treatment, provide educational and employment opportunities |
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