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CBD central business district; marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings rank-size rule in a model urban hierarchy, the population of the city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy the nth largest population 1/nth the size of largest city urban hierarchy a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions primate city the leading city of a country; disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities in the country; rank size rule does not work for a country with a primate city examples of primate cities London, UK, Mexico City, Mexico, Paris, France, and Buenos Aires, Argentina world city powerful cities that control a disproportionately high level of the world's economic political and cultural activities; centers of finance and commerce examples of world cities NYC, Amsterdam, and Milan gentrification individuals (young, single, married, yuppies, dinks, disposable income) buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood favella Portuguese-speaking urban area barrio Spanish-speaking urban area new urbanism development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs; some believe they work against urban sprawl concerns of new urbanism privatization of public spaces and they do nothing to break down the social conditions that create social ills of the cities edge cities suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections edge cities are often with: office complexes, shopping centers, hotels, restaurants, entertainment facilities, and sports complexes site absolute location of a city; a city's static location, often chosen for trade, defense, or religion situation relative location of a city; a city's place in the region and the world around it gateway city cities that act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas range maximum distance a person is willing to travel to obtain a good/service multiplier effect adding one basic job tends to create more jobs (basic and nonbasic); adding production line jobs in auto factory creates needs for new construction, janitorial, electrician jobs sunbelt southern U.S. blockbusting realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate "white flight" redlining financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods zone of transition part of concentric zone model; housing and factory work urban sprawl unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning annexation the formal act of acquire something (esp. territory) by conquest or occupation urban renewal program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, etc. gated communities for the wealthy to protect their wealth; differ in Latin America, because you dont have to be as wealth to live in them vertical integration merging businesses at different stages of prodcution examples of vertical integration Coke has own bottling company, Disney, etc. horizontal integration absorbing smaller firms of same industry into one example of horizontal integration BP gas bought out Amaco gas urban hearths Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley, Huang He and Wei River Valleys, and Mesoamerica postmodernism style emphasizing diversity and free form rather than uniformity and symmetry (architecture) Louis Wirth sociologist who compared urban vs. rural with "Chicago: Urbanism as a Way of Life" Christaller's Central Place Theory predicts how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) would be functionally and spatially distributed what did the Central Place Theory assume? surface is flat with no physical barriers, soil fertility is the same everywhere, population and purchasing power are evenly distributed, region has uniform transportation network from any given place, and a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain district what can the Central Place Thoery assume? central places are urban centers that provide services to their surrounding rural people (AKA hinterland), threshold, range, and spatial competition threshold minimum number of people needed to fuel a particular functions existence in a central place (more unique higher the threshold) spatial competition central places compete with each other for customers Burgess concentric zone model Hoyt's Sector Model 1939; land uses in pie-shaped wedges radiating from city center, high-income areas along fashionable boulevards or rail lines, water, high ground and far from industry, industry radiates along river or rail lines, low income radiates near industry, and middle-income radiates between low and high income sectors example of the Sector Model Chicago Harris and Ullman's Multiple Nuclei Model 1945; developed during early days of shopping center suburbanization, downtown CBD is not the only nucleus of non-residential land uses, specialized districts like retail, ports, manufacturing, etc., and basis for urban realms concept with functionally tied suburban regions and "suburban downtowns" example of the Multiple Nuclei Model LA Concentric Zone Model 1920s; CBD, fringe zone (outer edges) zone of transition (housing and factory work), blue-collar residences (non-professional), medium-income housing, high-income commuter zone, based on concepts of invasion-and-succession (new groups toward center) example of the Concentric Zone Model Indianapolis Urban Realms Model each realm is a seperate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework Borchert's Model of Urban Evolution 1960s; Borchert studied US cities and linked historical changes to urban evolution stage 1 of Borchert's Model 1790-1830; mostly near ports and waterways stage 2 of Borchert's Model 1830-1870; railroads and steamboats stage 3 of Borchert's Model 1870-1920; Industrial Revolution in US, industrial cities boom, esp. Great Lakes stage 4 of Borchert's Model 1920-on; linked to car and air travel, spread of suburbs, growth of new cities in the air conditioning, unions deBlij African Model Suq and bazaar (open area where trading takes place), two CBD's McGee Southeast Asian Model port zone (most important aspect) incorporation of cities areas choosing to come together as a municipality for sake of government and business example of incorporation of cities taxing powers, elected officers, establish boundaries, must provide services to residents, etc. 2nd Agricultural Revolution improved food produciton and created a larger surplus; made industrial cities possible Industrial Revolution encouraged growth of cities near industrial cities medieval cities Europe's cities were diminished or abandoned, independent cities formed in exchange for military service to feudal lord, dense and compact within defensive walls, cathedrals; Asia and Middle East's cities were flourishing and growing, Baghdad, Istanbul, Kyoto=largest cities Renaissance cities mercantilism, revival of Europe's cities, cities that thrived were embellished by wealthy merchant families, who built ornate mansions, patronized the arts, participated in city governments, and supported the reconstruction of city centers industrial cities came to be by a large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing post-industrial cities city economy focused more on consumption, less on factories and manufacturing