Unit 9
Order by
57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Council of Clermont | council of the Christian Church; sparked the Crusades |
| Crusades | holy war, Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem + aid Byzantines; 1st= success + rest= failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade |
| simony | common crime of paying for positions in clergy |
| Gothic | style of church architecture; tall ceilings, arches, stained glass windows |
| Romanesque | style of church architecture; round arches, heavy roofs, thick walls + pillars |
| flying buttress | a wall used to support the outside of a wall and acted as a wind brace |
| Benedictine Order | Order of monks following Benedictine rules |
| Reconquista | effort to drive Muslims out of Spain |
| Inquisition | tribunal held by Church to suppress heresy |
| Domesday book | compiled record of 1st census by William the Conqueror |
| Common law | law based on current standards or customs of the people |
| jury | group of people sworn to abide by the laws to determine the truth |
| Magna Carta | royal charter of political rights given to English citizens by King John |
| levy | impose or collect tax |
| Parliament | legislation group included 2 houses: House of Lords (nobles + clergy) House of Commons (non-nobles) |
| estates general | French assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes (clergy, nobility, commoners) |
| three-field system | farming technique that left one field out of three fallow for a year to replenish the soil |
| commercial revolution | expansion of trade and business; transformed European economies during the 16th + 17th centuries |
| usury | lending money at high rates of interest |
| apprentice | unpaid person training in a craft or trade |
| guild | association of people who worked at the same trade; members= masters of a trade, guaranteed certain rights and privileges |
| burghers | town dwellers |
| scholasticism | associated / Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy + Roman Catholic theology |
| vernacular | spoken language |
| The Divine Comedy | Written by Dante in Italian; poem describing levels of hell, purgatory, and heaven; summarizes Christian ethics |
| Illumination | process of decorating a written manuscript w/ pictures/designs |
| Bubonic Plague | deadly disease; spread across Asia and Europe; killed 1/3 of Europe's population; weakened morale, raised prices; loss of Church prestige, decreased workforce/land |
| epidemic | widespread outbreak of disease |
| inflation | increased prices for goods + services combined w/ reduced value of money |
| Babylonian Captivity | period when all popes were French + resided in Avignon, France, starting w/ Clement V; angered Italian; led to Papal Schism. |
| Papal Schism | division of the Church, a time when there was three popes and confusion as to who was the real one |
| Council of Constance | Council set on ending the Papal Schism: forced all popes to resign and elected a new one; tried to deal w/ Jan Hus and John Wycliffe problem |
| Avignon | home of Papacy from 1305 to 1377 |
| Hundred Years' War | Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France (England VS France) |
| longbow | powerful weapon; 6 feet long; essential to the victory of the English in the Hundred Years' War; could shoot three arrows in the time a French archer could shoot one; pierced all but the heaviest armor |
| Calais | only part that remained in English hands after Hundred Years War |
| nationalism | love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it |
| St. Francis of Assisi | founder of the Franciscans and co-founder of the Poor Clares. |
| Pope Urban II | pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims |
| Richard the Lionheart | English King; negotiated agreement w/ Muslims (Saladin) to permit Christian pilgrims right to visit Jerusalem during the third crusade |
| Saladin | leader of the Muslims in the third crusade; captured Jerusalem in 1187. |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | King and Queen of Spain; took over the Catholic Spain; started the Spanish Inquisition |
| William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy; led the Norman invasion of England; became the 1st Norman to be King of England; defeated Saxons at Battle of Hastings |
| Henry II | King of England; broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into law + establishing royal courts; married Eleanor of Aquitaine |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | powerful French duchess; divorced the king of France to marry Henry II of England; ruled all of England and about 1/2 of France w/ him |
| King John | King of England; raised taxes; punished enemies w/o trial; known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta. |
| Hugh Capet | King of France; founder of the Capetian dynasty |
| Louis VII | King of France; lead 2nd crusade (unsuccessful); annulled marriage w/ Eleanor |
| Philip II | King of France; regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou |
| Louis IX | made royal courts dominant over feudal courts; declared only king could mint coins; banned private warfare; weakened feudal ties; sainted |
| Philip IV | ruthlessly extended Royal Power; tryed to tax the clergy --> angered Pope Boniface VIII |
| St. Thomas Aquinas | Major proponent of Scholasticism; new thoughts on the Nature of man and god and state. Synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle; developed five proofs for the existence of God |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | English author who wrote The Canterbury Tales, a literary masterpiece written in the vernacular in which pilgrims were going to worship at the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury. |
| Dante Alghieri | wrote the Divine Comedy |
| Jan Hus | followed John Wycliffe's teachings; attempted to translate bible into Czechoslovakian; tried as heretic and burned at stake |
| John Wycliffe | English preacher; preached JC>pope, bible=highest authority, translated bible into English; tried as heretic and burned at stake |
| Joan of Arc | French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king |
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