Chapter 12 and 13 Key Terms: APHG
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Created by:
bellamnixon on April 23, 2012
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Description:
Includes key terms from Chapters 12 and 13. They are split into two groups, chapter 12 and chapter 13.
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 basic industries | Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement. |
| business services | Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses. |
| central business district (CBD) | The area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered. |
| central place theory | A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther. |
| central place | A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area. |
| city-state | a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland |
| clustered rural settlement | A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement. |
| consumer services | Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services. |
| dispersed rural settlement | A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages. |
| economic base | A community's collection of basic industries. |
| enclosure movement | The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. |
| gravity model | A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service. |
| market area (or hinterland) | The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services. |
| nonbasic industries | Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community. |
| personal services | Services that provide for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers. |
| primate city | The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. |
| primate city rule | A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. |
| producer services | Services that primarily help people conduct business |
| public services | Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses |
| range (of a service) | The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service |
| rank-size rule | A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. |
| retail services | Services that provide goods for sale to consumers. |
| service | Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and turns money to those who provide it |
| settlement | A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants |
| threshold | The minimum number of people needed to support the service |
| transportation and information services | Services that diffuse and distribute services |
| Chapter 13 | ... |
| annexation | Legally adding land area to a city in the United States |
| census tract | An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods. |
| concentric zone model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings |
| council of government | A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States. |
| density gradient | The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery |
| edge city | A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area |
| filtering | A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment |
| gentrification | A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area |
| greenbelt | A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area |
| metropolitan statistical area (MSA) | In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city. |
| micropolitan statistical area | An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city. |
| multiple nuclei model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities |
| peripheral model | A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. |
| public housing | Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' incomes. |
| redlining | A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries. |
| rush (or peak) hour | The four consecutive 15 minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic |
| sector model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD). |
| sprawl | Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area. |
| squatter settlement | An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. |
| underclass | A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics. |
| urban renewal | Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers. |
| urbanization | An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. |
| urbanized area | In the United States, a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs. |
| zoning ordinance | A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community. |
| smart growth | Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland |
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