Chapter 12 Vocabulary
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OompaLumpiax3 on September 19, 2009
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Vocabulary for Chapter 12 APEC from Spielvogel 6th Edition
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58 terms
Italian | English |
|---|---|
 Renaissance | "Rebirth" of classical culture that occurred in Italy between 1350 & 1550 |
| Jacob Burckhardt | Historian & art critic who wrote The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. He said that the 14th and 15th centuries were a revivals of antiquity, secularism, & the birthplace of the modern world and a sudden break from the Middle Ages |
| Leon Battista Alberti | Florentine architect who knew that the Renaissnace emphasized individual ability & potential to be well-rounded; in his West Facadeof Sant' Andrea broke from medieval traditions by eliminating statues and traditional features of Gothic architecture and marked break from Christian building traditions and influenced future Renaissance & baroque churches |
| Hanseatic League | Italians had lost commercial preeminence as they prospered; N. German coastal town association of military & commercial. Had Denmark, Norway, & Sweden bases. It had monopoly on timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, wines but declined because increased competition by larger states |
| House of Medici | Helped Florence regain control in banking; Had controlling interests in industrial enterprise & were principal bankers of papacy. It suffered decline and expulsion from Florence because of poor leadership and bad loans |
| Castiglione | wrote Book of the Courtier in 1528 that contained aristocratic ideals, saying nobles should possess basic endowments like grace and talents. Nobles must also cultivate achievement, participate in military, have classical education in the arts. They shouldn't hide accomplishments, but be modest & show them with grace; for women, they should be attractive, well educated and artsy--not expected to participate in political, artistic or literary affairs but be an "ornament" |
| condotierri | Mercenary soldier leaders who sold their servic to the highest bidder |
| Francesco Sforza | Leading condotierri who turned on his Milanese employers, conquered the city, and became its new duke. ALong with teh Visconti, he worked to make a central territorial state. He made a successful tax system. |
| Cosimo d'Medici | 1434: Took control of Florence's small merchant oligarchy & maintained a Republic appearance. He used patronage & political ally courting to dominate the culture center city |
| Papal States | In C. Italy; After papal residence at Avignon & the Great Schism, its territories such as Urbino & Bologna & Ferrara became independent of papal authority. Renaissance popes tried to reestablish control over them. |
| Isabella d'Este | "first lady of the world"; She was a Renaissance ruling woman, Ferrara duke's daughter, who married to Fransesco & was known for her intelligence, political wisdom, effective ruling, & good negotiation. Her court was an important learning & art center in Mantua; patron of arts who showed that it was the most socially acceptable role from well-educated Renaissance women |
| Peace of Lodi | 1454: Ended a half-century war & began peaceful era in Italy; system of balance of power was especially evident after this, but still no lasting cooperation between major powers/common foreign policy |
| balance of power | An alliance system was created to prevent the growth of any one state at another's expense |
| 1527 sack of Rome | After Italy became a battlefield between the French & Spanish, this occurred by the armies of Spanish King Charles I, bringing a temporary end to Italian Wars. Spaniards dominated thereafter |
| Machiavelli | 1513: Wrote the Prince after he was exiled by the Medicis. His ideas came from Italy's turmoil when it was left without a strong leader b/c Lorenzo the Magnificent's death & ancient Rome knowledge. He contradicted "medival ethic" approach to rule, saying actions couldn't be restricted by morals. He used Cesare Borgia as an example of ruthlessness and called rulers to unite war-torn Italy |
| individualism | Important aspect of the Renaissance that emphasized the importance of the individual |
| secularism | An important aspect of the Renaissance that emphasizerd importance of worldly things as opposed to clergy-related |
| Renaissance humanism | Its father was Petrarch. It placed emphasis on use of pure classical Latin & Cicero as a prose model & Virgil as poetry model. It emphasized study of liberal arts; rejected family & action in community; rejected medieval scholasticism, advocated classics |
| civic humanism | 15th century beginning: A humanism that tied to Florentine culture pride & reflected values of Renaissance which said an individual must be active in society to mature |
| Petrarch | Father of Renaissance humanism that portrayed concept of Middle Ages as being an age of darkness. Emphasized use of Latin. |
| Leonardo Bruni | A humanist who wrote on the classical Roman Cicero(model of humanism) in his book The New Cicero. He wrote on the fusion of political action & literature creation Cicero's life. As an author, he inspired readers to be active in state to mature |
| Lorenzo Valla | Papal secretary who wrote Elegance of the Latin Language to purify Latin & elevate it above the vernacular. He accepted forms of Latin from only the last century of Roman Republic & 1st century of the empire |
| Marcilio Ficino | Leader of neoplatonism & of the Florentine Platonic Academy to create philosopher, Plato, interest. He was commissioned by Cosimo de'Medici to translate Plato's works. |
| neoplatonism | Created by Ficino, it stressed theory of spiritual love & theory of substances that said that plants, humans, & God were connected with God as the highest of this chain of beings, plants as the lowest, and humans in the middle |
| Renaissance hermeticism | Late 1400s: Beliefs formed by Florentine intellectuals. Writings focus on occult science & theological/philosophical beliefs. Also, the belief that humans are given divine power regained by purifying the soul by getting new knowledge through nature & by using power to better others. The "purified" are called sages & Magi |
| Pico della Mirandola | He wrote a book on the belief that humans had unlimited potential, seeing the works of ancient philosophers. He had interest in Hermeticism. |
| "liberal studies" | *****Curriculum influenced by Pietro Pavlo Vergerio's book Concerning Character. It was used to help people grasp full potential of mind and body. Studies were of |
| Francesco Guicciardini | Most famous historian of Renaissance who believed the purpose of history was to teach lessons & that not all events had obvious lessons. He stressed political & military aspects of history & his former diplomatic career allowed him to critically analyze politcal situations |
| Johannes Gutenburg | Printed very first book in the west by moveable type (the Bible). It helped diffuse knowledge & dramatically impacted literacy rate |
| Masaccio | Took after Giotto-style works in Florence. His Brancacci Chapel frescoes were called the 1st masterpiece of Renaissance art. He used monumental figures & visual representation of persepective so a new realistic style was born. He also painted Tribute Money |
| Lorenzo the Magnificent | A leading citizen who had a court that was formed by a circle of artists & scholars; during his lifetime Florentine Renassance had reached its peak |
| Botticelli | Painted Primavera which reflected his interest in Greek & Roman myth. The painting is set in the garden of Venus & possessed an otherworldly quality far from Renaissance's realism |
| Donatello | This artist sculpted David, which was the 1st known life-size freestanding bronze nude. It featured the severedhead of Goliath & celebrated Florentine heroism & its triumph over the Milanese. It radiated simplicity & strength that reflected human dignity |
| Brunelleschi | Built a DOME for the unfinished cathedral of Florence using new building techniques & machinary. He was inspired much by architectural movements & Roman antiquity. He also built the church of San Lorenzo commissioned by Medici |
| High Renaissance | A time period thatr was the final stage of Renaissance art between 1480 & 1520 marked by the increased importance of Rome as a cultural center. Three artists, da Vinci, Raphael, & Michelangelo, dominated with their work. The period was also characterized with idealization of nature |
| Leonardo da Vinci | ****Studied everything & dissected human bodies to see how nature worked. He initiated preoccupation with nature to ideal form & painted the Last Supper that showed space organization & perspective. He exposed inner life of the subjects through art |
| Raphael | Acclaimed for many madonnas; known for frescoes in Vatican Palace: School of Athens (reveals balance, harmony, & order) |
| Michelangelo | Sculpted the largest scuplture, David, from 1501-1504 which proudly shows human body & glory; commisioned by Florentine government. He was influenced by Neoplatonism. |
| Sistine Chapel | Painted by Michelangelo & commissioned by Pope Julius II. Attempted to tell the story of the Fall of Man (Creation of Adam). It meant to reflect divine beauty. |
| Bramante | built a small temple on St. Peter's martyrdom with doric columns that surrounded the sanctuary & a dome that enclosed it in order to capture Rome's antiquity. He was later commissioned to design a new basilica for Rome |
| Giorgio Vasari | Wrote Lives of the Artists that was a series of biographies for Italy's greatest artists. He emphasized tese creative geniuses as having almost divine qualities |
| Northern Renaissance | The place during the 14th century that had many works on manuscripts & wooden panelinng because of Gothic cathedrals. Elanders was the best school here. Artists here lacked perspective although precise in detail, but later studied to be influenced by Italy |
| Jan van Eyck | Firest to use oil paint for more color range & detail. Painted Giovanni Arnolfini & His Bride |
| Albrecht Durer | Artist influenced by Italy who wrote many treatsies of what he learned from Italian art. Wrote Adoration of the Magi to show attempt at integration between North & Italy style to achieve ideal human form |
| madrigals | Originating in Italian courts in 14th century, these were poems set to music with emotional or love theme. The music tried to emphasize words in text (text painting) |
| "new monarchies" | Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414) |
| Louis XI the Spider | Created base for strong French monarchy. He retained taille (annual property tax). He had problems with Charles the Bold. He annexed lands between France & Germany that Charles had tried to create kingdom between |
| Henry VII (Tudor) | First Tudor king after the dynasty was established when Richard III was defeated at War of the Roses. He ended noble wars by taking their private armies. He began Court of Star Chamber to torture, used royal land, judicial fees & custom duties to stablize income. He avoided calling Parliament to avoid war & higher tax |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | 1469: Isabella(Castile) & Ferdinand(Aragon) marriage lead to a kingdom that keeps economic & political structure but its governement strength increases. Aristocrats are no longer present in royal council, there is a strong army, and the clergy becomes a power instrument. Noncatholics are persecuted in the Inquistion & expulsion at Grenada leads to Muslim defeat |
| Spanish Inquisition | Created in 1478 to assert Christianity & eventually made all Spaniards Catholic |
| Habsburgs | Landholding dynasty that married to keep them in power through territorial gain |
| Ivan III | Under him, Russian princed used Mongols to gain power & make a new state. He annexed new territory & split from Mongols in 1485 |
| Fall of Constantinople | 1453: caused by the increasing power of the Ottoman Turks who fell after the seige under Sultan Mehemt II |
| John Wyclif | His followers were Lollards. He was sick of church corruption & urged Bible to be in the vernacular to show all that the papacy had no right to authority. He condemned pilgrimage, idealizing saints, rites/rituals of church |
| John Hus | 14th century: A chancellor of Prague University who made a heresy. Criticized papal power & clergy corruption & his ideas spread because Catholic land holdings & Bohemia Germany clergy. Hussite war triggered by Hus's burning at the stake without Emperor Sigismund's(had invited him earlier to hear out ideas) objection (Bohemia vs. HRE) |
| Pius II | issued the Execrabilis to condemn appeals to the council over pope as heretical and caused the Concilian movement to die |
| Renaissance popes | used nepotism to make "papal monarchy"; P. Julius the warrior pope lead armies |
| Christine de Pizan | 1st feminist; prolific writer who became the 1st woman in Euro history to earn living as an author; wrote history of famous women designed to refute myths about women |
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