1.
adjustment in stepfamilies (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): child's age--younger more easily accept stepparent. supportive stepparenting has positive impact. Girls have more trouble with stepparent than boys. Adjustment better when custodial parent is authoritative and when stepparent is warm and involved. Custodial parent's attitude towards stepparent
2.
all instances of divorce are not negative: girls in mother headed households;may become more resilient and self-reliant following divorce. High conflict marriages; it may be better to divorce than put children through the stress
3.
Authoritarian: (high demandingness, low responsiveness)cold/unresponsive to child's needs. extremely controlling and/or demanding. Expect children to comply without question. use threats and punishments to exercise parental power
4.
Authoritative: (high demandingness, high responsiveness) demanding, but warm and responsive. set clear standards and limits,monitor behavior, firm enforcement of important limits
5.
Baumrind(1973) 4 parenting styles:: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, rejecting/neglecting
6.
Bidirectionality: parent-child interactions is the idea that parents affect children's characteristics, and vice versa. over time, this effect reinforces and perpetuates each party's behavior
7.
children of authoritarian parents are: lower in competence(social and academic). unhappy and unfriendly. low in self-confidence
8.
children of authoritative parents are:: competent(social and acedemic). self-assured, self-reliant. popular with peers. exhibit control over their behavior. low in antisocial behavior and drug use
9.
children of permissive parents are: impulsive. lack self-control. low in school achievement. more likely to have trouble in school. more likely to use drugs
10.
Children of rejecting/neglecting parents: disturbed attachment as infants. poor peer relationships in childhood. in adolescence, exhibit: antisocial behavior, poor self regulation, internalizing problems(e.g., depressing,withdrawal), more likely to use drugs, engage in sex, low academic and social competence
11.
Contact with non-custodial fathers (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): frequency of contact not especially important for adjustment. but quality of contact does not matter
12.
contributions to family dynamics: behavior(direct and indirect effects), availability of social support, development of children
13.
Day care (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): can be better than home for impoverished children but, only to the degree that care is HIGH QUALITY
14.
differences in children affect parenting style: physical attractiveness; attractive children treated more affectionately. behavior and temperament; degree to which they are emotionally negative, unregulated, disobedient. perceptions of parents attitudes can impact self-image
15.
Divorce facts: approximately 1 million children experience divorce each year. about half of these acquire stepparent within 4 years. about 10% experience two divorces before age 16
16.
effects of childcare on development: big issue growing--more and more mothers are working outside the home; in 1995: 45% infants under 1 year and 78% of 4 year olds were in day care. 21% receive care from relative, 18% from non-relatives, 31% in day care. Both ways argues
17.
family dynamics: how the family operates as a whole. All members influence each other in multiple ways. Not just behavior that affects other family members, but nature too(e.g., biological characteristics of parents and children
(key concept, can explain)
18.
family dynamics on parenthood: life's golden age is when the kids are too old to need babysitters and too young to borrow the family car. THe best way to keep kids at home is to give it a loving atmosphere- and hide the keys to the car. Oh, to be only half as wonderful as my child thought I was when he was small, and half as stupid as my teenager now things I am. Avenge yourself- live long enough to be a problem to your children
19.
high socioeconomic status: talk more to kids, better communication between parent and child.
20.
Impact of cognitive development (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): not much of a relationship. But higher quality care associated with better outcomes in specific areas. Some evidence for positive impact of day care on cognitive tasks
21.
impact on self regulation and social behavior (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): day care for many hours a day and many different caregivers related to more problem behaviors. Risk of problem behavior increases with # of hours spent, especially in center care
22.
influences impact of divorce: age of child: harder for younger children to understands, afraid of abandonment; older children have trouble with adjustment, especially if stepparent
23.
influences impact of divorce: parental conflict: distress, may cause insecurity
24.
influences impact of divorce: stress: economic, social isolation; more irritable, less warm, less consistent parenting, less able to monitor children
25.
Level of education related to parental values: highly educated parents view kids as active participants in learning
26.
low socioeconomic status: more likely authoritarian.
27.
Marital conflict can cause: hostility towards children or uninvolved parents. inconsistent parenting. Parents less likely to support each other in parenting. Kids face increased risk of depression, loneliness, unregulated behavior, delinquency, substance abuse
28.
Maternal employment and childcare: maternal employment in US increased from 17% to 72% between 1955 and 1988.
29.
Maternal employment has little impact on childrens development: adequate supervision matter, however long hours can have negative impact on infants' cognitive development if mom returns to work before baby is 9 months old
30.
Maternal employment&childcare: some cases: higher academic competence. children in low income families can benefit from maternal employment; higher self-esteem, more positive feeling. Can be especially good for girls. Low paying jobs, less supportive parenting and less stimulating home environment
31.
Older parents: primarily positive effects; more economically stable, pregnancies more likely to be planned, more knowledge about parenting, more positive in parenting than younger parents(but only if first child)
32.
parental beliefs and values related to SES: low SES value conformity in children, high SES value independence and autonomy.
33.
parental socialization: 3 modes of influence: direct instructors, indirect socializers, providers and controllers of opportunities. All parents use these to socialize their children.
34.
Parenting styles: varies greatly from family to family, and even from child to child in a given family
35.
Parenting styles: 2 dimensions of special importance: responsiveness; degree of parental warmth. demandingness; degree of parenting control
36.
Permissive: (low demandingness, high responsiveness) responsive to child's wants and needs. lenient with child. do not require self-regulation
37.
Potential effects of divorce: greater risk for psychological, social, academic, and relationship problems. greater risk of divorce for themselves. slightly greater risk fro emotional disorders(anxiety& depression). but most (75%-80%) do not suffer significant enduring problems
38.
rates of poverty in us(2010) (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): 15.1%, 46.2 million people in poverty. African americans= 27.4%. Hispanics= 26.6%. Non-hispanic whites=9.9%. Asian American= 12.1%. Under 18=22%. more children in poverty than adults(13.7%) and seniors(9%)
39.
Rejecting/neglecting: (low demandingness, low responsiveness). diengaged. low in demandingness and responsiveness. do not set limits or monitor child's behavior. focused on own needs rather than child's.
40.
Sibling relationship: negative side (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): sibling rivarly. parental differential treatment
41.
Sibling relationship: positive side (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): siblings as attachment figures. siblings as models and tutors. Siblings interactions facilitate social-cognitive development
42.
Sibling Relationships: birth order (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): first born; higher achievers(higher"need for achievements"). later born; more popular,outgoing, risk-takers
43.
sibling relationships: only child (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): on average; high self-esteem, high achievement motivation, competent in peer relationships. compared with children with siblings; more obedient, slightly intellectually advanced
44.
socialization: process by which children acquire values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors appropriate to their future role in their culture
45.
sociocultural context matter: african american adolescents: authoritarian parenting does not equal negative effects; lower levels of deviant behavior. higher academic competence
46.
sociocultural context matter: for 1st generation chinese american adolescents: authoritative parenting does not equal positive outcomes. authoritarian parenting does not equal negative outsomes
47.
stepfathers (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): feel less close to stepchildren. tend to be polite at first(not disciplining or monitoring), but become distant and disengaged with time.more conflict between children and stepfather(bidirectional causes). Kids with stepfathers more prone to depression
48.
stepmothers (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): difficult position--expected to enforce discipline and run household, causing conflict between step moms and kids. very little known about step moms relationship with stepchildren--stepmoms are rare
49.
stepparenting (NOT ON STUDY GUIDE): in 1996, about 6% of kids lived with a stepparent(80% of which were stepfathers). Entry of stepparent into family can be very stressful for children; reassess their position in family, wonder if mom will be happier, have to balance acceptance of stepparent while maintaing relationship with biological parent
50.
Summary for functions of family: family structure and familial relationships have clear impact on child development. family dynamics are central and can overcome many potentially negative factors. Changing family structures do not appear to undermine what was traditionally though to be ideal ways to raise children
51.
traditional family structure is changing: getting married later. both parents work. having kids later. higher rates of divorce. more children born to unwed mothers. more single-parent families
-older age of first marriage
-older parents
-more divorce
-more single-parent families
52.
why do we have families? (functions of family): 1. survival of offspring, 2. economic training/function 3. cultural training
