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Johann Tetzel authorized by pope to sell indulgences Martin Luther founder of Lutheranism, believed good work do not guarantee salvation, one must have faith Tenets of Lutheranism 1. salvation by faith alone 2. Bible is the ultimate authority 3. grace of God brings absolution, not indulgences or confession 4. Baptism and communion are the only valid sacraments 5. Clergy is not superior to laity, should be allowed to marry 6. church should be subordinate to state transubstantiation Catholic belief that the bread and wine of Mass are transformed into the Body and Blood of Christ, rejected bu Luther 95 Theses listed Luther's points of opposition to indulgences and other Catholic practices Diet of Worms meeting summoned by Charles V that commanded Martin Luther to abandon his ideas. Luther refused and was branded an outlaw. Charles V Holy roman emperor League of Schmalkalden formed in 1531 by Protestant princes in Germany to defend themselves against emperor Act of Supremacy passed by English Parliament in 1534 to make Henry VIII head of Anglican Church Zwingli leader of the Swiss Reformation, took scripture liteterally John Calvin started Calvinism, religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society Mary Tudor attempted Puritan Revolution to reestablish Catholicism in England Presbytarians Scottish Calvinists Huguenots French Calvinists Puritans and Pilgrims English Calvinists Jesuits established by Ignatius Loyola, a holy order organized in military fashion, required blind obedience, absolute faith, responsible for Inquisitions Council of Trent redefined Catholic Dogma: 1. Salvation achieved by good works and faith 2. seven sacraments are valid, transubstantiation reassured 3. individuals cannot interpret the Bible alone 4. existence of purgatory was reaffirmed Peace of Augsburg 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler Thirty Years' War religious wars between Catholics and Protestants, France fought against Hapsburgs to limit their empire, German princes wanted autonomy Peace of Westphalia 1648, reinstated Peace of Augsburg, Switzerland and Holland made independent states, German princes made sovereign rulers and limited power of Holy Roman Emperor, revoked Edict of Restitution Anabaptists believed a person could be baptized again in adulthood Boroque eccentric, fanciful style of painting that developed during the Counter Reformation to overpower the senses of the viewer and bring people back to Catholicism Caravaggio, Vermeer boroque painters Bach ultimate Boroque composer