1.
4 Chordate Traits: 1. Pharyngeal gill slits
2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. Notochord
4. Muscular, post-anal tail
2.
4 Tissue Types: 1. Epithelial
2. Nervous
3. Muscular
4. Connective
3.
Adult circulatory system: Oxygenated blood->pulmonary veins->left atrium->bicuspid valve->left ventricle->aortic semilunar valve->aorta->body->vena cava->right atrium->tricupsid valve->right ventricle->pulmonary semilunar valve->pulmonary arteries->lungs
4.
Amphioxus (Sea Lancelet)
1. Swimming
2. Filter feeding: 1. Notochord works in conjunction with segmented muscle blocks to swim by lateral undulation
2. Food-laden seawater enters mouth by ciliary action->pharynx ->pharyngeal slits->atrium->atripore
5.
Arthropods: 1. Chitinous exoskeleton which provides support and protection
2. Bilateral symmetry
3. Externally segmented bodies, some tagmosis (segment fusion) - head, thorax, abdomen
4. Jointed appendages
5. Cephalization
6. Hemocoel - major body cavity with blood-filled spaces within the tissues
7. Dioecious
6.
Brain Dye
1. Mulligan's fluid
2. Tannic acid
3. Iron alum (ammonium ferric sulphate): 1. Binds to myelin and protects it
2. Stain
3. Fixes stain
7.
Brain Terms
1. Pons
2. Medulla oblongata
3. Cerebellum
4. Corpus collassum
5. Thalamus
6. Hypothalamus
7. Cerebrum
8. Frontal lobe
9. Parietal lobe
10. Temporal lobe
11. Occipital lobe
12. tectum
13. Superior cullicula
14. Inferior cullicula
15. Tegmetum
16. Association fibers
17. Commissural fibers
18. Projection fibers
19. Corona radiata
20. Meninges
21. Brainstem
22. Diencephalon: 1. Sensory and motor nuclei of several cranial nerves and nuclei that involve sleep, respiration, swallowing, hearing, equilibrium, etc
2. Autonomic functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, sneezing, etc
3. Coordination of complex motor patterns
4. Thick collection of nerve fibers connecting left and right hemispheres of the brain
5. Final relay point for sensory information; emotion, pain, motivation, etc
6. Thirst, body temperature and circadian rhythm
7. Largest portion of the brain; conscious thought, memory
8. voluntary motor activity, vocal ability, higher mental functions
9. Sensory input - primarily visual
10. Auditory input
11. Visual center
12. Ocular and auditory responses/reflexes
13. Visual reflex
14. Auditory reflex
15. Motor and sensory awareness
16. Interconnect cortical regions within the same hemisphere
17. Connect the two hemispheres
18. Connect the cerebral cortex with subcortical regions
19. Sheet of fibers that carry much of the neuronal signals from and to the cerebral cortex
20. Membrane covering brain and spinal cord
21. Consists of midbrain and parts of the hindbrain; information relay and center of autonomic control for heart, lungs, digestive system
22. information relay and control of homeostasis
8.
Circulation in Bivalves: Blood flows: 3-chambered heart->vessels->tissue sinuses->kidneys->gills->heart
9.
Clam (Mollusca - Bivalvia): 1. Bilateral symmetry
2. Triploblast
3. Highly reduced coelom and hemocoel
4. Open circulatory system
5. Marine
6. Respiration via gills and ciliated incurrent and excurrent siphons on mantle
7. Excretion via kidneys (drain pericardial sac)->bladder->mantel cavity for nitrogenous waste
8. Mostly sessile
9. Supported by shell/valves and hydrostatic skeleton
10. No segmentation
11. No appendages
12. Cephalization; few ganglia with parallel nerve fibers
13. Well developed digestive system with mouth and anus - siphons to pull food in and out
10.
Clam Structures:
1. Umbo
2. Labial palps
3. Outer valve surface/mantle epithelium
4. Inner valve surface
5. Ligament
6. Digestive Gland: 1. oldest part of the shell
2.
3. Secretes and lines the shell so everything inside is protected
4. Structure - surface for gill to expand against
5.
6. intracellular and secretes enzymes for extracellular digestion
11.
Cranial Nerves: I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor - rotates eye; controls pupil contraaction
IV. Trochlear - rotation of eye
V. Trigeminal - move jaw; input from head
VI. Abducens - rotation of eye
VII. Facial - facial expression; some taste and sensory perception
VIII. Auditory
IX. Glossopharyngeal - salivation and mouth sensations
X. Vagus - sensory and motor from heart, stomach
XI. Spinal accessory - movement of head and shoulders
XII. Hypoglossal - movement of tongue
12.
Crayfish (Crustacea): 1. triploblast
2. Coelomate
3. Digestive system with mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and anus
4. Aquatic
5. Open circulatory system with hemolymph covering organs
6. Respiration via diffusion via gills
7. Swim and walk
8. CNS with ganglia and ventral nerve cord
9. Excretion via green glands (push it out and also osmoregulate) and gills (diffusion)
10. Cephalothorax and abdomen
11. Circulatory system transports respiratory gases
13.
Crayfish Digestive System: Mouth->Esophagus->Stomach: 1.Large cardiac stomach containing a gastric mill which further grinds food 2. Small pyloric stomach which acts as a filter, only allowing finely ground particles->Intestine (chemical digestion and absorption)
14.
Crayfish Structures
1. Antennule
2. Antenna
3. Chelae
4. Telson
5. Uropod
6. Maxilla
7. Maxilliped
8.Lamellae: 1. short; smell
2. long; sensory
3.claws; defense
4.Nonsegmented tail region; swimming
5.Fan-like tail region; swimming
6.Large; feeding
7. Small; feeding
8. Thin, highly vascularized layers of gill tissue
15.
Deuterostomes: 1. Anus develops first
2. Cleavage is radial and indeterminate
3. Coelom
4. CNS
E.g. Echinoderms
16.
Digestive system (Piggy): pharynx->esophagus->cardiac sphincter->stomach->pyloric sphincter->duodenum->small intestine->cecum->large intesine
17.
Earthworm Reproduction: Sperm: Testes (production) ->Seminal Vesicles (mature and stored) -> Ductus Deferens (deliver to body surface during copulation) ->Partner's Seminal Receptacles (storage) ->Partner's Cocoon (secreted by clitellum)
Eggs (from partner): Ovaries ->Oviduct ->Body surface ->Cocoon
18.
Earthworm structures
1. Pharynx
2. Esophagus
3. Crop
4. Gizzard
5. Intestine
6. Typhlosole
7. Prostomium
8. Clitellum
9. Longitudinal muscles
10. Circular muscles: 1. guides food to esophagus and begins chewing it
2.
3. Stores food
4. Food ground into small pieces
5. Digestion and absorption
6. Dorsal flap of the intestine that increases surface area for more efficient absorption of digested nutrients
7. small, lip-like extension over the mouth
8. secretes mucus, which holds mating earthworms together; secretes mucus that forms cocoon
9. inner
10. outer
19.
Endocrine system: - Helps maintain homeostasis
- Production of hormones (slow and long-acting)
20.
Evolutionary significance of ecdysis: Influenced the further development of respiratory structures such as the trachea, gills, and lungs, as well as internal fertilization and metamorphosis
21.
Exoskeleton: Secreted by the hypodermis (cells of the epidermis)
2. Two major layers - Epicuticle and underlying procuticle
3. Composed of chitin and proteins
4. In insects the epicuticle is modified for waster conservation
5. In crustaceans the procuticle is heavily impregnated with calcium carbonate
22.
Female reproductive organs
1. Ovary
2. Oviducts
3. Uterine horn
4. Uterus body
5. Vagina
6. Urogential sinus: 1. produces egg and hormones
2. Storage or fertilization and release of egg
3. Site of fetal development
4. Site of fetal development
5. Conducts waste eggs from uterus
6. Urethra and vagina meet
23.
Female Reproductive path: Ovary->uterine horns->uterus->vagina->urigenital sinus
24.
Fetal Circulation
1. Umbilical vein
2. Umbilical arteries
3. Foramen ovale
4. Ductus arteriosus (only pigs)
5. Ductus venosous
6. Chordae tendinae: 1. carries oxygenated blood from placenta
2. return partially unoxygenated blood to placenta
3. shunts blood from right to left atrium
4. shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
5. diverts blood from the umbilical cord from the liver to the caudal vena cava
6. Responsible for closing AV valves, following contraction of the atria, prior to contraction of the ventricles
25.
Fetal Pig Structures
1. Epiglottis
2. Thymus
3. Thyroid
4. Pyloric sphincter
5. Gastric Rugae
6. Cecum
7. Cardiac sphincter
8. Colon
9. Gall bladder
10. Filters blood
11. Cortex
12. Medulla
13. Renal pyramid
14. renal pelvis: 1. Flap of stiffened connective tissue, under involuntary muscle control; covers windpipe when you swallow
2. White blood cells mature here; education of T-cells
3. Growth and metabolism
4. Regulates passage of partially digest food from the stomach to the duodenum
5. Folds of stomach wall that allow it to expand
6. Large intestine meets small intestine; harbors large amounts of bacteria responsible for breakdown of tough plant matter
7. Regulates passage of food from esophagus into the stomach
8. Water reabsorption and compact solid waste
9. Stores bile
10. Filters blood
11. Houses Bowman's capsule and convoluted tubes of nephrons
12. Loops of Henley and collecting ducts
13. makes up medulla
14. collects water prior to ureter
26.
Forebrain Terms
1. Telencephalon
2. Cerebrum
3. Cerebral cortex
4. Neocortex
5. Grey matter
6. Temporal lobe
7. Limbic system
8. Fornix
9. Mammillary bodies: 1. Includes olfactory lobe and cerebrum
2. Includes cerebral cortex and structures lying beneath it
3. 2 cerebral hemispheres - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes; hippocampus and amygdala
4. Outer most tissue of the cerebral cortex; consists of grey matter; organized into 6 layers of neurons in columns; highly folded; sensory perception, motor commands, high-level brain functions
5. Neuronal bodies and unmyelinated axons
6. Includes the olfactory cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus
7. Ancient part of the forebrain involved in physiological drives, motivations, instincts and emotions; influences memory formation; regulates autonomic and endocrine output; hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, thalamus, fornix and mammillary bodies
8. Band of fibers connecting mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus to the hippocampus
9. Associated with hypothalamus and important in memory formation
27.
Gastrulation: Formation of embryonic tissue layers
28.
Grasshopper (Insecta): 1. Triploblast
2. Coelomate
3. Digestive system with mouth, esophagus, crop, gastric caeca, stomach, intestine, hindgut, rectum and anus
4. Open circulatory system with hemolymph that covers organs and transports food and waste but not gas exchange
5. Terrestrial
6. Respiration via tracheal system of branching tubes that extend from exoskeleton to internal tissues: spiracles -> tracheals
7. Excretion and osmoregulation via malpighian tubes (collect nitrogenous waste and convert it to uric acid in the gut)
8. Fly (actin of skeletal muscles attached to exoskeleton or wings which are attached to thorax) and walk
9. CNS with ganglia and ventral nerve cord and a little more of an organized brain
29.
Grasshopper Structures
1. Gastric caecum
2. Sensilla
3. Tympanum: 1.
2. Auditory
3. auditory
30.
How does a clam's foot function?: Due to hydrostatic pressure, the pumping of the heart extends the foot, while muscles contract it.
31.
Male reproductive organs
1. Urethra
2. Scrotum
3. Testes
4. Epididymis
5. Ductus deferens
6. Bulbourethral gland
7. Penis
8. Urigenital opening: 1. conducts urine and sperm
2. houses and protects testes and epididymis
3. Produce sperm and make hormones
4. Sperm cells mature and are stored
5. conducts sperm from epididymis to urethra
6. Provides secretion for sperm to produce semen
7. Conducts urine and sperm to urigenital opening
8. Fluid exits the penis
32.
Male reproductive path: Testes->epididymis->spermatic cord->vas deferens->penis
33.
Mesenchyme - Platyhelminthes: A mesodermal connective tissue which fills the space between the body wall and gut and is reinforced by collagen providing attachment points for muscles. Oxygen, nutrients and waste products diffues through it. Includes two types of cells: fixed cells, some of which have fluid filled vacuoles; and stem cells.
34.
Monophyletic Grouping: A taxonomic group containing all the descendants of a common ancestor.
35.
Pericardial effusion: Accumulation of excess fluid around the heart, putting pressure on the heart and causing it to function poorly; often related to inflammation of the pericardium
36.
Phylum Annelida: E.g. Oligocheate (Lumbricus) - Earthworm
1. Triploblast (ectodermn, endoderm, & mesoderm)
2. Terrestrial
3. Coelomate - fluid filled coelomic cavity between body wall and gut tube
4. Complete digestive system
5. Gas exchange via circulatory mediated diffusion
6. Excretion of nitrogenous waste via paired metanephridia in each segment
7. Hydrostatic skeleton and chitinous setae to move
8. CNS and cephalization (cerebral ganglion and central nerve cord)
9. Bilateral symmetry
10. Cuticle secreted by epithelium
11. Segmentation internally and externally
12. Closed, segmented circulatory system
13. Monoecious (male and female organs in same body)
37.
Phylum Cnidaria: E.g. Hydra
1. Diploblast
2. Fresh water
3. Radial symmetry
4. Acoelomate
5. Blind-end gastrovascular cavity
6. Gas exchange by simple diffusion across endoderm and ectoderm
7. Excretion of nitrogenous waste by diffusion across endoderm and ectoderm
8. Hydrostatic skeleton - coordinated contractions of longitudinal (ectodermal cells) and circular (endodermal cells) myofibrils against water trapped in its gastrovascular cavity
9. No CNS or cephalization - Nerve cells organized into a nerve net
10. Cnidocytes contain nematocysts (stinging cells) used for hunting and defense
38.
Phylum Mollusca: 1. Bilateral symmetry
2. Coelomates
3. 2 parts: Head-foot (cephalic, feeding, locomotor structures) and Visceral-mass (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and reproductive)
39.
Phylum Nematoda: E.g. Roundworm (Turbatrix) - Vinegar eels
1. Triploblast
2. Fresh water
3. Coelomate - pseudocoelom
4. Complete digestive system
5. Gas exchange via circulatory mediated diffusion
6. Excretion of nitrogenous waste via diffusion across body wall
7. Hydrostatic skeleton; undulatory swimming via longitudinal muscles
8. CNS
9. Bilateral symmetry
40.
Phylum Platyhelminthes: E.g. Planaria (Dugesia)
1. Triploblast
2. Fresh water
3. Bilateral symmetry
4. Acoelomate - protostome coelom secondarily lost
5. Blind-end intestinal cavity
6. Gas exchange by simple diffusion
7. Excrete nitrogenous waste via protonephridia capped with flame cells (keep osmotic pressure the same in and out)
8. Hydrostatic skeleton
9. CNS with cephalization (cerebral ganglia)
10. Glide on surfaces by ventrally secreting a mucous layer and propelling their body through the action of their ciliated ventrum; also have circular, lateral and longitudinal muscles that allow them to bend their body in different planes
11. No circulatory system
41.
Protostomes: 1. Mouth develops before anus
2. Cleavage is spiral and determinate
3. Coelom forms as a splitting of the mesoderm
4. CNS
E.g. Arthropods, mollusks, and annelids
42.
Respiratory Structures
1. Visceral pericardium
2. Parietal pericardium: 1. Inner layer of pericardial sac; secretes a lubricating fluid into the pericardial cavity
2. Fibrous outer layer of pericardial sac
43.
Segmentation: Allows independent movement of parts; independently arisen several times
44.
Sheep Eye Structures
1. Tapetum lucidum
2. Cornea
3. Sclera
4. Choroid layer
5. Retina
6. Anterior chamber
7. Vitreous humor: 1. Band of reflective tissue of the choroid layer; increases light sensitivity
2. Light enters
3. Everything on the outside; extension of dura mater
4. Absorbs light not absorbed by retina, reducing reflection and vascular supply to the eye
5. 2 types of photoreceptors (rods and cones)
6. Area between cornea and lens; filled by aqueous humor
7. Maintains eye's shape and protects structures in the back of the eye
45.
Squid (Mollusca - Cephalopoda): 1. Bilateral symmetry
2. Triploblast
3. HIghly reduced coelom (surrounds the heart) and hemocoel
4. Closed circulatory system
5. Marine
6. Well developed digestive system with mouth and anus
7. Respiration via gills
8. Excretion via kidneys for nitrogenous waste
9. Move by jet propulsion via siphon
10. Supported by pen (highly reduced shell) and hydrostatic skeleton
11. No segmentation
12. 2 tentacles and 8 arms
13. Highly cephalized with sensory organs and several well developed ganglia and nerve fibers and lobed brain
46.
Squid Circulatory system: Deoxygenated blood enters the branchial heart which pushed blood out into the gills where it is oxygenated. Oxygenated blood enters a single systemic heart where it is pumped to the tissues.
47.
Squid Digestive System: Beak-like jaws->esophagus->stomach->"liver"->pancreas->cecum[->sphincter->]stomach->intestine
48.
Squid Reproductive System: Eggs: produced and stored in ovary->body cavity->ciliated oviducal opening of the tubular oviduct
Sperm: produced in testes->vas deferens->spermatophores in the spermatophoric gland->penis
49.
Squid Structures:
1. Siphon
2. Cecum
3. Nidamental glands
4. Chromatophores: 1. Locomotion - backwards
2. Secretes digestive enzymes; ciliated lining
3. Secrete mucus to protect eggs
4. Pigment changes; central pigment containing cell surrounded by radial muscles that are controlled by motor neurons in brain
50.
Subphylum Cephalochordata: E.g. Sea lancelets
1. notochord and nerve cord persist
2. Segmented myomeres
3. Closed circulatory system
4. Gas exchange at surface of body
5. Small brain and sense organs
6. Dioecious
51.
Subphylum Vertebrata: 1. Vertebral column replaces notochord
2. Multi-chambered heart and hemoglobin
3. Well developed endocrine system
52.
The pharyngeal slits serve the same function in Amphioxus as what in homo sapiens?: Soft and hard palettes
53.
What system is most similar in structure and function between crayfish and grasshoppers?: Nervous
