| Term | Definition |
|---|
| The "4 Families" of Central Europe (and what they held) | Luxembourg family- in Luxembourg, next to Moselle River, increased its political power by involving itself with the Holy Roman Empire, Wittelsbach family- enemies of Luxembourgs, started in Bavaria, then spread over Europe, acquired Holland, Hainaut, and Frisia, Habsburg family- allies of Luxembourgs, traveled east and acquired Austria, Tyrol, Carinthis, and Carniola, Premysl family- very wealthy, controlled Bohemia, Moravia, Austria, and others from Siesia to the Adriatic Sea, Anjou family- son Charles Robert was king in Hungary, Louis was king in Poland, started wars to dominate the empire |
| The "4 Families" of Central Europe (and what they held) | Luxembourg family- in Luxembourg, next to Moselle River, increased its political power by involving itself with the Holy Roman Empire, Wittelsbach family- enemies of Luxembourgs, started in Bavaria, then spread over Europe, acquired Holland, Hainaut, and Frisia, Habsburg family- allies of Luxembourgs, traveled east and acquired Austria, Tyrol, Carinthis, and Carniola, Premysl family- very wealthy, controlled Bohemia, Moravia, Austria, and others from Siesia to the Adriatic Sea, Anjou family- son Charles Robert was king in Hungary, Louis was king in Poland, started wars to dominate the empire |
| The importance of Baltic grain | It made the domestic grain prices go down, causing the economy to weaken for landlords |
| The Order of the Garter | Made by Edward of England, A group on nobles who were given the highest ranks and powers of chivalry |
| Charles IV | Became king of Bohemia, Very committed to his country, Combined French and Czech traditions and culture as king, Brought in architects, artists, and artisans, Founded first university in Prague, Promoted historians, Wrote an autobiography (maybe the first in medieval Europe), Son, Sigismund, ruled Hungary, Germany, and Bohemia |
| The Golden Bull of 1356 | It announced that the German princes and kings were the independent rulers., It took away the pope's job of appointing a king, There were now 7 princes and kings that appointed the next ruler |
| 3 reasons for The Hundred Years' War | Unclear rights of Gascony in the south of France, England and Flemish cloth towns vs. France and the wealthy merchants, Dispute over next heir to French throne after Charles IV |
| Hundred Years' War (+ years) | Took place from 1337 until 1453, England's military was made of nobles and chivalrous knights, France's military was wealthier and more densely populated than the English |
| Dynastic Rivalry | France and England both had weakening economies and demographics, There was much competition between the two countries |
| Order of the Garter | Made by Edward of England, A group on nobles who were given the highest ranks and powers of chivalry |
| Battle of Crecy (+ year) | Took place in 1345, English attack with arrows, English win by a landslide, France looses 3,000 people, England looses 100 people |
| English Longbow | Not as accurate as the crossbow, but could go further |
| Battle of Agincourt (+ year) | Took place in 1415, French were defeated by the English pikemen and longbowmen, English lost less that 100 people, 1,500 French nobles and 3,000 French soldiers killed, French nobles held for ransom |
| Joan of Arc | Claimed to have heard spirits talking to her and telling her to do things, Was told to save Orleans and make the king's son the new king, Fought in battles with the soldiers, Captured and burned by the English in 1431 |
| Dauphin (definition) | The oldest son of a king of France |
| Battle of Orleans | Joan of Arc participated in it, French ended the English siege in this battle |
| Henry VII | Ended the English War of the roses in 1485, First king of the Tutor dynasty |
| The Great Famine | Kings started to demand higher takes and rent, Bad farming: late frost, bad harvest, crop failure, Between 1300 and 1450, Europe's population dropped more than 30% because of it |
| The Black Death | Combination of the bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plagues, Carried by fleas from rats with the plague, Came from central Asia, Spread to Italy, then France, then England, Germany, Portugal, Ireland and Spain, Caused fever, coughing, swellings, vomiting blood, and ultimately death, Usually died within 5 days of being infected, Cure was not know until end of 1800s |
| Giovanni Bocaccio (+ the book that he wrote) | Italian author of Decameron, Wrote about opinions of how to cure the plague |
| Dance of Death | A picture used in art and literature, even in the church, Depicted rotten, dead people were dancing for the living |
| Ramifications of The Plague | Killed more than all wars and famines, Greatest disaster in all of Europe, Affected all parts of European life: social, economic, and culture |
| The Jacquerie (1358) | A rebellion caused by French peasants, Caused because of thoughts of the nobles being responsible for all their problems |
| The Hanseatic League | Took over northern grain trade, Made Denmark give its members rights to export Sacndanavian fish, Made colonies in Novgorod, London, Venice, and Bruges, Supplied fish and grain to those colonies |
| "breaking on the wheel" | Punishment for criminals, Broken limbs threaded through spokes of wheel, Rope tied around limbs |
| Avignon | Very wealthy popes, but not popular with the people, The popes were so caught up in money that they did not focus on their actual roles as religious leaders |
| Clement V | Lived in Avignon, Now the church had two officials, Many countries sided with Clement on important issues |
| Babylonian Captivity | Written by Italian poet Petrarch, Accused popes and church goers of committing sins |
| Great Schism | Divided western Christianity, Questioned the popes, Made all the people wonder if they would be saved, who to pay, who would receive the income, and who would get the money for indulgences |
| Petrarch | Accused the popes and followers of many sins, Wrote the "Babylonian Captivity" |
| Indulgences | Could be purchased by paying the pope, Used to "guarantee" a spot in heaven, People were pressured into buying them, Without paying, one would have to spend time in purgatory before going to heaven |
| conciliarism (Consiliar Movement) | Said that the Church assembly had authority, not the pope |
| Council of Pisa (+ year) | 1408, Both cardinals made this council, No decisions could be accepted within the council, Now there were three popes instead of two, all with different ideas |
| Council of Constance (+ years) | 1410-1437, Ended the great schism, Worked to prevent something like the schism from happening again |
| Martin V | Ended the schism, Elected cardinal during the Council of Constance |
| Jan Hus | Against John Wycliffe's ideas, Popular young preacher, Wanted a reform in the Church's public worships and values |
| The Imitation of Christ (Thomas a Kempis) | A book, Gives religious direction, Most read religious book after the bible |
| Bretheran of the Common Life | Were often confused with followers of the "Free Spirit", Received unfair punishment and were accused of sin |
| John Wycliffe | Attacked the ideas and basis of the Church, Said that the religious leaders used their roles in the church wrongly, Believed indulgences were worthless, Salvation depended on how you were with god, not how you were to the popes |
| Lollards | Follower of John Wycliffe's religious teachings |
| moriscos & converses | Muslims and Jews that converted to Christianity, Converted only to save their lives, Many practiced their original faith in secret |
| Ockham's theory | Got his beginning idea from the Council of Constance, Government should be separate from the Church, Said the pope did not have authority, Thought the people should elect the government officials |
| Vernacular Literature | Instead of religious literature, this discussed the individual, Critiqued societies and traditional values, More personal than previous types of literature |
| Dante Alighieri | Made some of the best literature of all time, Began with writing poetry, Expressed his opinions on love and the individual, Exiled from Florentine because of what he wrote |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | An English writer, Changed Europe's literary and philosophical views, Proved to be the best English write before Shakespeare, Created complicated characters in his literature |
| Christine de Pisan | Proved herself as a woman author, She was very smart and could back up her ideas, Did not let her gender affect how she would be viewed in society |
| Laura Cereta | A humanist and feminist, Wrote and published her letters, Believed in womens' rights to be educated, Because of her family's social ranking, she was able to do these things |
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