BIO202: Chapter 29 - Human Development
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Created by:
angelsheffield on April 25, 2012
Subjects:
biology, anatomy, physiology, reproductive system, human development
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Zygote | One-celled fertilized egg |
| 12-24 Hours | Amount of time after ovulation an egg has to be fertilized |
| Vaginal Acid, Mucus, Wrong Tube | 3 Reasons most sperm do not make it to the egg |
| Uterine Tube | Normal site of human fertilization |
| 10 Hours | Amount of time after ejaculation before a sperm can fertilize an egg |
| Capacitation | Process that migrating sperm must undergo to make it possible to penetrate an egg (10 hours) |
| 48 Hours | Optimum time frame for sperm viability |
| Acrosomal Reaction | Exocytosis of the acrosome, releasing the enzymes needed to penetrate the egg |
| Polyspermy | Fertilization by two or more sperm |
| Fast Block, Slow Block | Two mechanisms to prevention of polyspermy |
| Fast Block | Method of prevention of polyspermy that involves the inflow of sodium depolarizing the membrane and inhibits attachment of any more sperm |
| Slow Block | Method of prevention of polyspermy that involves inflow of calcium that stimulates the cortical granules to release secretion that creates an impenetrable fertilization membrane |
| Fertilization | Condition that must be fulfilled for the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II |
| Preembryonic Stage | Stage of development that happens in the first 16 days; Involves Cleavage, Morula, & Blastocyst |
| Cleavage, Morula, Blastocyst | 3 Major processes of the Preembryonic Stage |
| Cleavage | Mitotic divisions that occur in the first 3 days of development while the conceptus migrates down the uterine tube |
| Morula Stage | Stage in which the conceptus arrives in the uterus (within 72 hours of ovulation) - solid ball of 16 cells that resembles a mullberry |
| Blastocyst | Hollow sphere that includes the trophoblast and embryoblast |
| Trophoblast | Outer layer of the blastocyst that forms the placenta |
| Embryoblast | Inner cell mass of blastocyst that becomes the embryo |
| Zygote - Cleavage - Morula - Blastocyst - Embryo - Fetus | Order of 6 Processes of the Preembryonic Stage |
| Blastocyst | Attaches to the uterine wall 6 days after ovulation |
| Roots | Grown by the blastocyst after attachment |
| HCG | Hormone that stimulates corpus luteum to continue to secrete hormones to maintain endometrium and prevent menstruation |
| Ectopic Pregnancy | Occurs when the blastocyst implants somewhere other than the uterus (usually in the uterine tube which cannot expand enough and ruptures by 12 weeks) |
| Embryonic Stage | Stage of development from weeks 2 to 9, when all three primary germ layers are present |
| Embryo | Begins receiving its nutrients from the placenta during the embryonic stage |
| Conceptus | Forms a set of membranes external to the embryo during the embryonic stage |
| Trophoblastic Nutrition | Conceptus nourished by digestion of endomentrial cells (first 8 weeks) |
| Placental Nutrition | Conceptus nourished from mother's bloodstream through placenta |
| Placenta | Disc of tissue in which the surface facing the fetus is connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord attached the the uterine wall |
| Amnion | Transparent sac filled with fluid that protects the embryo and provides freedom of movement; Forms from maternal plasma filtrate and fetal urine |
| Yolk Sac | Embryonic membrane that contributes to the GI tract, blood cells, and germ cells |
| Allantois | Embryonic membrane that is the foundation of the umbilical cord and urinary bladder |
| Chorion | Outermost embryonic membrane that serves to form the fetal portion of the placenta |
| 8 Weeks | Time at which all organs are present |
| Ectoderm | Germ layer that forms epidermis, nervous system, lens and cornea, and internal ear |
| Mesoderm | Germ layer that forms skeleton, muscle, cartilage, blood and vessels, lymphoid tissue, gonads and ducts, kidneys and ureters, mesothelium, and dermis |
| Endoderm | Germ layer that forms gut and respiratory epithelium and glands, bladder, and urethra |
| Fetus | Stage of development from 8 weeks until birth |
| Circulatory Shunts | Connectors that bypass regions not yet formed; EX: Ductus Venosus that bypasses the liver and connects to the inferior vena cava |
| Neonate | Newborn |
| Heart, Respiratory | 2 Rates that rise in the first 6-8 hours of transitional period |
| Temperature | Falls within the first 6-8 hours of transitional period |
| Respiratory, Immunological | 2 Major Adaptations of Newborns |
| Kidneys | Organs that are not fully developed at birth, leading to a high rate of water loss in newborns |
| Senescence | The degeneration that occurs after the age of peak functional efficiency |
| Senescence | Leading causes of death after age 55 |
| Endocrine | Organ system that generates the least with age |
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