The Industrial Revolution
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25 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Interchangeable Parts | Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing. |
| Spinning Jenny | This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production; similar to the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand, but, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. |
| Flying Shuttle | A tool developed by John Kay; its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand. |
| Crop Rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. |
| Textiles | Fabrics that are woven or knitted; material for clothing |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819) |
| Robert Fulton | American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) |
| George Stephenson | English railway pioneer who built the first steam powered locomotive (1781-1848) |
| Thomas Malthus | An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834) |
| Assembly Line | Mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it |
| Eli Whitney | The American inventor who developed the cotton gin, and also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged (1765-1825) |
| Henry Ford | United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production; able to make a greater profit with a low cost (1863-1947) |
| Labor Unions | Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages. |
| Laissez Faire Approach | Style of leader or manager who behaves as a non-leader; the individuals and groups are expected to make their own decisions because of a hands-off approach from the leader. |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade; author of Wealth of Nations (1723-1790) |
| Utopian Socialism | Philosophy that hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively. |
| Robert Owen | British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed (1771-1858) |
| Charles Fourier | French sociologist and reformer who hoped to achieve universal harmony by reorganizing society (1772-1837) |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary; author of "The Communist Manifesto" (1848). This work explains historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. |
| Bourgeoisie | City-dwelling middle class, made up of merchants, manufacturers, and professional people such as doctors and lawyers; in Marxist philosophy, owners of property |
| Protetariat | The lower or working class |
| Luddites | Workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed labor-saving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment. |
| Anti-Corn Law League | 1838, established by manufacturers Richard Cobden and John Bright; formed to help workers by lowering bread prices; composed of members of the middle class who wanted to open Britain up to free trade. |
| Corn Laws | Laws which forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially |
| Benjamin Disraeli | British Prime Minister who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party |
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